1. ECEN5553 Telecom Systems Dr. George Scheets Week #14 [33] "Huge Growth for Video Telephony? Skeptics Wary of Predicted Data Crunch" [34] "The Picturephone is Here. Really." [35] "Perspective in Next-Generation Home Networks: Toward Optical Solutions?" Final Exam Friday, 11 December, 1400 – 1550 (Live) 81, B > 70, C > 61, D > 52

2. INMARSAT Phones Recently smaller phones have become available for use with latest satellites.

3. Parabolic Antennas

4. Geosynchronous Satellite vs Sun, Mid-day, Northern Hemisphere x Winter Sun is below satellite orbital plane. x Fall Sun → same plane as satellite. x Spring Sun → same plane as Satellite. x Summer Sun is above satellite orbital plane.

5. 2013 Fall Sun Outage, Microspace's AMC-1 Source: www.ses.com/4551568/sun-outage-data x

6. Market Split for Backhaul Gear Source: "High-Capacity Ethernet Backhaul Radio Systems for Advanced Mobile Data Networks", IEEE Microwave Magazine, August 2009.

7. Cell Tower with Point-to-Point RF link n Protocols u Proprietary u 802.16 u 802.11

8. Free Space Lasers Sources: www.fsona.com www.engadget.com/media/2006/02/gigabeam.jpg

9. Comparison: Optical vs RF Backhaul Source:"The Next Challenge for Cellular Networks: Backhaul", IEEE Microwave Magazine, August 2009. 194,000 GHz XX GHz 5.3 minutes downtime/year 8.8 hours downtime/year

10. Hughes Net (2013)

11. Iridium 6 Low Earth orbits, 11 satellites per polar orbit Not-so-miniature phone. image sources: Wikipedia & www.iridium.com

12. Iridium in Antarctica Source: wikipedia

13. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 Globalstar image source: www.globalstar.com

14. The TCom Systems final is in three weeks Chief. I need some time off to study. Dick Tracy with Wrist Radio Image Source: Wikipedia

15. You too could have had a Wrist Radio Touchscreen GSM Cell Phone/ PDA/ Wristwatch formerly available at www.thinkgeek.com

16. Stick-on Smart Phone

17. NTSC TV n Analog video u Obsolete as of June 2009 n 30 frames/second n 525 Scan Lines in a Frame, ≈ 485 Active n Resolution ≈ 640 x 480 pixels n Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz n RF Bandwidth 6.0 MHz AM modulated Video FM Modulated Voice Guard Band

18. Red, Green, & Blue used on Monitors

19. Color Video Electronics 3 Pick-Up Elements CCD’s R G B Camera Electronics R G B 3 drive signals Monitor Receiver electronics generate 3 signals with strength proportional to light falling on the 3 camera pick-up elements.

20. Paints are Subtractive

21. 24 bit color 2 24 = 16.78 M colors

22. 256 Colors

23. 16 Colors

24. MPEG Employs... n n Motion Estimation Algorithms u u Tracks groups of NxN pixels......imperfectly if small and fast moving n n Discrete Cosine Transforms u u Maps NxN pixel block spatial characteristics to frequency domain u u Values Quantized F F Some high frequency components zero'd out F F Gets rid of very fine detail F F Other values rounded off F F Causes some distortion (smearing)

25. Example of High Frequency Filtering 020406080100120140 0 2 2 1 1270i Scan Line (Time Domain) Monitor Image

26. Filtering 010203040506070 0 2 4 4 X j 640j Scan Line (Frequency Domain) Scan Line (Frequency Domain after zeroing) 010203040506070 0 2 4 4 0 Y j 640j 1/2 the points thrown out (values <.1)

27. Filtering Reconstructed Scan Lines (Time Domain after filtering) 020406080100120140 1 0 1 2 2 0.086 y i 1270i Monitor Image Using NxN pixel blocks localizes distortion to NxN area, unlike this example.

28. Note Edges Aren't As Sharp Compare

29. Dick Tracy with Wrist Radio This is a small JPEG image that's been enlarged. With a good contrast monitor, you should be able to see evidence of the blocks, and should also note that the distortion tends to be localized to areas where the picture is changing.

30. JPEG Distortion Note the fuzzy gray 'cloud'.

31. MPEG Employs... n n Huffman Coding Used to map DCT results to a bit stream Uses unequal length code words High probability outputs get shorter words u u G.711: equal length code words (8 bits/sample) u u Morse Code: unequal length

32. Morse Code: An Unequal Length Code Average bit rate is < fixed length code = 5 bits/character for the alphabet, or 6 bits/character for alphabet & numbers 0-9 Image Source: Wikipedia

33. Huffman Coder Unequal Length Code Words High Probability? Assign Small Word. n Suppose have 4 voltages to move: u -3 v25% -1 v 5% +1 v40% +3 v30% 2 bit code word 11 10 00 01 Huffman Code 111 110 0 10 1,000,000 voltages/sec → 2,000,000 bps (2 bit code) 1,000,000 voltages/sec → 1,900,000 bps (Huffman).25(3) +.05(3) +.40(1) +.30(2) = 1.9 bits/word on average Uniquely Decodable: 1110010110 = ?

34. MPEG Video Frame Sequence 1/30th second Intrapictures (JPEG Still) Bi-directional Pictures Mostly Motion Estimation Techniques Predicted Pictures Mostly change since previous I or P frame