1. Final Exam Live: 10:00 – 11:50 AM, Monday, 8 December DL: Not Later than Monday, 15 December ECEN5553 Telecom Systems Dr. George Scheets Week #14 &15 [31] "Mobile's Millimeter Wave Makeover" [32] "Emerging Technologies and Challenges for 5G Wireless" [33a] "Dish Network for the Enterprise" [33b] "The Picturephone is Here. Really." [35a] "The Broadcast Empire Strikes Back" [35b] "Netflix Factor has University Networks Creaking" Final Exam Live: 10:00 – 11:50 AM, Monday, 8 December DL: Not Later than Monday, 15 December

2. Data Rate Roll-Off n Signal power decrease is proportional to 1 / (distance) 2 source: Zander, J., Mahonen, P., "Riding the Data Tsunami in the Cloud: Myths and Challenges in Future Wireless Access", IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2013.

3. 4G Wireless (MAN) n Long Term Evolution (LTE) u OFDM, MIMO, Data Rates > 60 Mbps u Back to the Future: TDMA → CDMA → TDMA u Initially Deployed in 2011. n LTE-Advanced u Seeing initial deployment in 2013 u 1-2 Gbps speeds claimed on downlink u Some Trade Pub articles → Don't need a LAN F Speeds ↓ as distance from BS ↑ & BW shared n WiMax (IEEE 802.16) u OFDM, MIMO, Data Rates < 10 - 70 Mbps u Deployed by Sprint & Clearwire. Sprint moved to LTE. u Alternative to LTE? No. Used as back haul, fixed wireless.

4. 5G Cellular n IP Wireless Traffic u 3 Exabytes in 2010 (exabyte = 10 18 ) u Projected to exceed 500 exabytes by 2020 u 4G Cannot Handle n Goals u Aggregate Data Rate (bps/unit area) 4G x 1000 u Edge Rate (Worst Case speed seen by 5%) 1 Mbps → 100 Mbps u Average Round Trip Time: Reduce by x 15 u Energy Use: Don't Let It Increase source: Andrews, J;, et al, "What Will 5G Be?", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, June 2014

5. Meeting 5G Goals n Extreme Densification n Mix of few large cells and many small cells u Including pico cells (range < 100 meters) u Including femto cells (< 10 – 20 meters) u Highest Bit Rates from Smallest Cells n Increasing # of protocols u Smart Radios n Improved Mobility Support u Smart Network u Seamless Merging of Large & Small Cells source: Andrews, J;, et al, "What Will 5G Be?", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, June 2014

6. Meeting 5G Goals n Increased Bandwidth n "Beach Front" BW is taken u XXX MHz and X GHz F Propagates and Penetrates Reasonably Well n Must go to Higher Carrier Frequencies u mmWave Frequencies XX to XXX GHz F Do Not Propagate as Well F Electronics Not So Good & Expensive n mmWave Not So Good for Large Cells u Potentially Good for Femto & Pico Cells

7. Meeting 5G Goals n Increased Spectral Efficiency (bps per Hz) Massive MIMO u Including 3D Beamforming n Cloud Based Control? n Backhaul u Fiber Deployments Continue u Wireless Point-to-Point Speeds Improving F mmWave more feasible for static outdoor links u Localized Caching of High BW Video source: Andrews, J;, et al, "What Will 5G Be?", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, June 2014

8. IEEE 802.11 Comparison Source: "IEEE 802.11ac: From Channelization to Multi-User MIMO", IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2013

9. WiFi Speed vs. Distance source: 13 May 2002 Network World

10. 802.11 Flow Chart (Simplified) Packet to Send? ACK received? No Yes No Yes No Binary Exponential Back-off Used (Similar to 802.3) Min Wait: 0 Max Wait: 51.2 msec Back-off Media Quiet? Yes Transmit No Quiet for IFS? Yes No

11. INMARSAT Phones Recently smaller phones have become available for use with latest satellites.

12. Parabolic Antennas

13. Geosynchronous Satellite vs Sun, Mid-day, Northern Hemisphere x Winter Sun is below satellite orbital plane. x Fall Sun → same plane as satellite. x Spring Sun → same plane as Satellite. x Summer Sun is above satellite orbital plane.

14. 2013 Fall Sun Outage, Microspace's AMC-1 Source: www.ses.com/4551568/sun-outage-data x

15. Market Split for Backhaul Gear Source: "High-Capacity Ethernet Backhaul Radio Systems for Advanced Mobile Data Networks", IEEE Microwave Magazine, August 2009.

16. Cell Tower with Point-to-Point RF link n Protocols u Proprietary u 802.16 u 802.11

17. Free Space Lasers Sources: www.fsona.com www.engadget.com/media/2006/02/gigabeam.jpg

18. Comparison: Optical vs RF Backhaul Source:"The Next Challenge for Cellular Networks: Backhaul", IEEE Microwave Magazine, August 2009. 194,000 GHz XX GHz 5.3 minutes downtime/year 8.8 hours downtime/year

19. Hughes Net (2013)

20. Iridium 6 Low Earth orbits, 11 satellites per polar orbit Not-so-miniature phone. image sources: Wikipedia & www.iridium.com

21. Iridium in Antarctica Source: wikipedia

22. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 Globalstar image source: www.globalstar.com

23. The TCom Systems final is in three weeks Chief. I need some time off to study. Dick Tracy with Wrist Radio Image Source: Wikipedia

24. You too could have had a Wrist Radio Touchscreen GSM Cell Phone/ PDA/ Wristwatch formerly available at www.thinkgeek.com

25. Stick-on Smart Phone

26. NTSC TV n Analog video u Obsolete as of June 2009 n 30 frames/second n 525 Scan Lines in a Frame, ≈ 485 Active n Resolution ≈ 640 x 480 pixels n Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz n RF Bandwidth 6.0 MHz AM modulated Video FM Modulated Voice Guard Band

27. Red, Green, & Blue used on Monitors

28. Color Video Electronics 3 Pick-Up Elements CCD’s R G B Camera Electronics R G B 3 drive signals Monitor Receiver electronics generate 3 signals with strength proportional to light falling on the 3 camera pick-up elements.

29. Paints are Subtractive

30. 24 bit color 2 24 = 16.78 M colors

31. 256 Colors

32. 16 Colors

33. MPEG Employs... n n Motion Estimation Algorithms u u Tracks groups of NxN pixels......imperfectly if small and fast moving n n Discrete Cosine Transforms u u Maps NxN pixel block spatial characteristics to frequency domain u u Values Quantized F F Some high frequency components zero'd out F F Gets rid of very fine detail F F Other values rounded off F F Causes some distortion (smearing)

34. Example of High Frequency Filtering 020406080100120140 0 2 2 1 1270i Scan Line (Time Domain) Monitor Image

35. Filtering 010203040506070 0 2 4 4 X j 640j Scan Line (Frequency Domain) Scan Line (Frequency Domain after zeroing) 010203040506070 0 2 4 4 0 Y j 640j 1/2 the points thrown out (values <.1)

36. Filtering Reconstructed Scan Lines (Time Domain after filtering) 020406080100120140 1 0 1 2 2 0.086 y i 1270i Monitor Image Using NxN pixel blocks localizes distortion to NxN area, unlike this example.

37. Note Edges Aren't As Sharp Compare

38. Dick Tracy with Wrist Radio This is a small JPEG image that's been enlarged. With a good contrast monitor, you should be able to see evidence of the blocks, and should also note that the distortion tends to be localized to areas where the picture is changing.

39. JPEG Distortion Note the fuzzy gray 'cloud'.

40. MPEG Employs... n n Huffman Coding Used to map DCT results to a bit stream Uses unequal length code words High probability outputs get shorter words u u G.711: equal length code words (8 bits/sample) u u Morse Code: unequal length

41. Morse Code: An Unequal Length Code Average bit rate is < fixed length code = 5 bits/character for the alphabet, or 6 bits/character for alphabet & numbers 0-9 Image Source: Wikipedia

42. Huffman Coder Unequal Length Code Words High Probability? Assign Small Word. n Suppose have 4 voltages to move: u -3 v25% -1 v 5% +1 v40% +3 v30% 2 bit code word 11 10 00 01 Huffman Code 111 110 0 10 1,000,000 voltages/sec → 2,000,000 bps (2 bit code) 1,000,000 voltages/sec → 1,900,000 bps (Huffman).25(3) +.05(3) +.40(1) +.30(2) = 1.9 bits/word on average Uniquely Decodable: 1110010110 = ?

43. MPEG Video Frame Sequence 1/30th second Intrapictures (JPEG Still) Bi-directional Pictures Mostly Motion Estimation Techniques Predicted Pictures Mostly change since previous I or P frame

44. MPEG 1 n n Standard since 1992 n n Compression of motion video & audio at about 1.5 Mbps (VHS Quality < NTSC) n n Targeted at digital playback & storage n n Has Random Access capabilities n n Somewhat Obsolete n n Divides picture up into 8x8 pixel blocks Converts blocks to bit stream

45. MPEG 2 n n Targets higher quality compression, typically at 3-6 Mbps bit rates n n Being used for Direct Broadcast TV n n Large chunks of MPEG2 used in U.S. HDTV standard n n Standard since 1994 MP3 n Web audio clips n Uses audio compression from MPEG 1 u 12-1 typical compression ratio

46. MPEG 4 n n Aimed at Multimedia Coding n n Bit rates from 8 Kbps - 40+ Mbps n n Can codes objects as opposed to NxN blocks u u Ability to interact & manipulate objects n n Standard in 1999 n n Used in Quicktime 6, Direct TV

47. H.261, H.263, & H.264   Target real time videoconferencing   Subset of MPEG   Wide variety of bit rates   64 Kbps - 128 Kbps: Face shot (video phone)   384 Kbps: considered to be minimum speed for decent full screen videoconferencing   New OSU gear is using H.263/4 @ 1.92 Mbps   H.264 quality > H.263 > H.261   Newer protocols require more processing power   H.261 less common today