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Chapter 6 Weather, Climate, and Biomes
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What’s the difference between weather and climate?
Driving Question What’s the difference between weather and climate? Short-term changes in the temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind direction and speed, and other conditions in the troposphere at a given place and time. Result of interactions between high and low pressure air masses. Physical properties of the troposphere of an area based on analysis of its weather records over a long period (at least 30 years). The two main factors determining an area's climate are temperature, with its seasonal variations, and the amount and distribution of precipitation.
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Summarize how warm fronts, cold fronts, high-pressure air masses, and low-pressure air masses effect weather Fronts: Air masses with different temperatures moving into one another Warm fronts have warm air moving over cold air - as air rises moisture condenses to eventually form clouds ( warm moist front could lead to many cloudy rainy days) Cold fronts force warm air to rise and condense forming thunderheads
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High Pressure Cool dense air moves toward the ground and warms up = nice weather Low Pressure Warm air moves toward the lower pressure center of the low and then rises, cools and moisture condenses, forming clouds and perhaps precipitation.
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Figure 6-10 Page 117 LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Heat released
radiates to space Condensation and precipitation Cool, dry air Falls, is compressed, warms Rises, expands, cools Warm, dry air Hot, wet air Flows toward low pressure, picks up moisture and heat HIGH PRESSURE Moist surface warmed by sun LOW PRESSURE
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H L
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Driving question 2 What are five different factors which contribute to global air-circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of the earth’s surface 2. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation 3. Rotation of the earth on its axis 4. Long-term variations in the amount of solar energy striking the earth 5. Properties of air and water
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Figure 6-11 Page 118 Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls
Moist air rises — rain Figure 6-11 Page 118 Polar cap Cell 2 North Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60° Cool, dry air falls Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cell 1 North Desert 30° Tropical deciduous forest Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical rain forest 0° Equator Tropical deciduous forest 30° Desert Cell 1 South Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cool, dry air falls 60° Cell 2 South Polar cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 South
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Driving Question 3 How do ocean currents generally redistribute heat?
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Figure 6-12 Page 118 Solar radiation Convection cell Equator Cool
current Warm air Warm current Cool current Warm current Warm water Cool air Polar front Cold water
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Figure 6-7 Page 116 Polar (ice) Warm temperate Highland
Warm ocean current Subarctic (snow) Dry Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current Cool temperate Tropical River
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Driving Question 4 Describe an upwelling and how it might be affected by an El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
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Figure 6-13 Page 119 Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish
Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients Figure 6-13 Page 119
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Figure 6-14 (1) Page 119 Surface winds blow westward EQUATOR SOUTH
Warm waters pushed westward SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Warm water Thermocline Cold water Figure 6-14 (1) Page 119 Normal Conditions
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NOAA Youtube 1 Youtube 2 Figure 6-14 (2) Page 119
Annimation Winds weaken, causing updrafts and storms Drought in Australia and Southeast Asia Youtube 1 Youtube 2 EQUATOR Warm water flow stopped or reversed SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Warm water deepens off South America Warm water Thermocline NOAA Cold water Figure 6-14 (2) Page 119 NOAA – El Nino, La Nina El Niño Conditions
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Figure 6-15 Page 120 El Niño Drought Unusually high rainfall
Unusually warm periods
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Driving Question 6 Describe the general effects of the following microclimates: windward and leeward sides of a mountain, forests, cities
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Figure 6-18 Page 122 a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean
b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range Dry habitats Moist habitats Figure 6-18 Page 122
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Figure 6-19 (1) Page 122 Cool air Warm air ascends descends
Land warmer than sea; breeze flows onshore Figure 6-19 (1) Page 122
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Figure 6-19 (2) Page 122 Cool air descends Warm air ascends
Land cooler than sea; breeze flows offshore Figure 6-19 (2) Page 122
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Figure 6-22 Page 124 Altitude Latitude Mountain Ice and snow
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Figure 6-22 Page 124
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Figure 6-20 Page 123 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn
Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Figure 6-20 Page 123 Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest
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The following material is your responsibility.
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Objective 7 7. Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant life on Earth. Draw connections between biomes and the following plants, which are particularly adapted for different biomes: succulent plants, broadleaf evergreen plants, broadleaf deciduous plants, coniferous evergreen plants.
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Figure 6-35 Page 136 Temperate coniferous forests
Temperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forests
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Objective 8 8. Compare the climate and adaptations of plants and animals in deserts, grasslands, and forests. Describe the distinctive qualities of a chaparral ecosystem. Be sure to distinguish among the three major kinds of forests.
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Objective 9 9. Compare the biodiversity and stratification in the three major kinds of forests.
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Figure 6-30 Page 131 Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer
Pronghorn antelope Primary to secondary consumer Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Secondary to higher-level consumer Grasshopper All producers and consumers to decomposers Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Figure 6-30 Page 131 Fungi Prairie coneflower
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Figure 6-32 Page 133 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary
Long-tailed jaeger Producer to primary consumer Grizzly bear Caribou Primary to secondary consumer Mosquito Secondary to higher-level consumer Snowy owl Arctic fox Horned lark All consumers and producers to decomposers Willow ptarmigan Dwarf willow Lemming Figure 6-32 Page 133 Mountain cranberry Moss campion
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Figure 6-34 Page 135 Harpy Ocelot eagle Blue and gold macaw Producer
to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Secondary to higher-level consumer Katydid Slaty-tailed trogon Green tree snake All producers and consumers to decomposers Tree frog Ants Bromeliad Figure 6-34 Page 135 Fungi Bacteria
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Figure 6-37 Page 137 45 Emergent layer 40 35 Canopy 30 Height (meters)
Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Brazilian tapir Shrub layer 5 Black-crowned antpitta Ground layer Figure Page 137
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Figure 6-38 Page 138 Broad-winged Producer hawk to primary consumer
Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak Secondary to higher-level consumer White-footed mouse Metallic wood-boring beetle and Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae White-tailed deer All producers and consumers to decomposers Mountain winterberry Shagbark hickory May beetle Racer Fungi Long-tailed weasel Figure 6-38 Page 138 Wood frog Bacteria
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Figure 6-40 Page 140 Blue jay Great horned owl Producer to primary
consumer Primary to secondary consumer Balsam fir Marten Moose Secondary to higher-level consumer White spruce Wolf Bebb willow All producers and consumers to decomposers Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Fungi Figure 6-40 Page 140 Starflower Bacteria Bunchberry
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Objective 10 Describe how a mountain ecosystem is like an "island of biodiversity."
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