1. Lecture 5: The Long Crisis Begins April 7, 2010

2. Wilson’s idealism “We created this Nation, not to serve ourselves, but to serve mankind.” “We created this Nation, not to serve ourselves, but to serve mankind.” “The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secured as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them.” “The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secured as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them.”

3. Why the system failed US isolationism US isolationism Diverging US and European Interests Diverging US and European Interests German resentment German resentment

4. Economic Troubles in the 1920s Germany unable to pay reparations Germany unable to pay reparations Dawes Plan (1924): US loans to Germany, which pays back France, which pays back US Dawes Plan (1924): US loans to Germany, which pays back France, which pays back US Trade barriers Trade barriers Hyperinflation Hyperinflation

6. Why the system failed US isolationism US isolationism Diverging US and European Interests Diverging US and European Interests German resentment German resentment Economic troubles Economic troubles End of balance of power End of balance of power Diverging attitudes toward war Diverging attitudes toward war Russian Revolution Russian Revolution

9. In capitalist society… “each man has a particular, exclusive sphere of activity, which is forced upon him and from which he cannot escape. He is a hunter, a fisherman, a herdsman, or a critic, and must remain so if he does not want to lose his means of livelihood; while in communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner…without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic.” -Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, 1845

10. The Bolshevik Revolution Russia agrarian, undeveloped Russia agrarian, undeveloped Tsarist government fell apart, Lenin seized power Tsarist government fell apart, Lenin seized power Took Russia out of the war Took Russia out of the war Civil war Civil war Collectivization Collectivization Empire with “self-determination” of nations Empire with “self-determination” of nations