1. 1 Japan Education at a Glance 2015 Andreas Schleicher Director for Education and Skills Release date: 24 November 2015

2. On average, less than 17% of have only below upper secondary education Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with attainment below upper secondary education (2014) Chart A1.1.

3. More people have benefited from education than ever before Percentage of younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014) Chart A1.2.

4. Adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education choose different programmes Percentage of 25-64 year-olds whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation (2014) Chart A1.3.

5. Educational attainment is related to ICT skills, but not in the same way across countries Percentage of adults with good information and communication technologies and problem-solving skills, by educational attainment (2012) Chart A1.4.

6. Over 80% of young people will complete upper secondary education in their lifetime Upper secondary graduation rates (2013) Chart A2.1.

7. There are more vocational upper secondary graduates than ever before Trends in vocational upper secondary graduation rates (2005 and 2013) Chart A2.2.

8. Some 50% of today's young people are expected to graduate from tertiary education at least once during their lifetime First-time tertiary graduation rates (2013) Chart A3.1.

9. Most students graduate from general upper secondary programmes Upper secondary graduation rates, by programme orientation (2013) Chart A2.3.

10. Most first-time tertiary graduates are awarded a bachelor's degree Distribution of first-time graduates by level of education (2013) Chart A3.2.

11. There is a large difference between the shares of women with bachelor's and doctoral degrees Percentage of female graduates in tertiary levels of education (2013) Chart A3.3.

12. More than 50% of international students who graduated with a doctorate earned it in either science or engineering Percentage of students who graduate from sciences and engineering at doctoral level (2013) Chart A3.4. %

13. More than 30% of adults are more educated than their parents Intergenerational mobility in education (2012) Chart A4.1.

14. Nearly one in two adults has attained the same level of education as their parents Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is the same as (status quo) that of their parents Chart A4.1. SQ

15. On average, 88% of first-generation tertiary- educated young adults are employed Employment rates among first generation/not first generation tertiary-educated adults (2012) Chart A4.5.

16. The employment benefit of tertiary education is significant, but not in all countries Unemployment rates, by educational attainment (2014) Chart A5.1.

17. Employment rates are consistently higher for young tertiary-educated adults Employment rates for younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014) Chart A5.2.

18. Across OECD countries, 77% of adults with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary are employed Employment rates among adults whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation (2014) Chart A5.3.

19. The higher the level of education, the higher the relative earnings Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers, by level of tertiary education (2013) Chart A6.1.

20. Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than those with only below upper secondary education Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education Chart A6.2. a

21. In all countries women earn less than men Differences in earnings between female and male adults workers, by educational attainment (2013) Chart A6.2. b

22. The earnings advantages are largest in countries with a small share of tertiary-educated people Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers and their share in the population (2013) Chart A6.4.

23. Adults completing tertiary education benefit from substantial returns on their investment Private net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011) Chart A7.1

24. The public benefit for a man attaining tertiary education is higher than that for a woman Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011) Chart A7.3

25. Adults with higher levels of education are more likely to report better health Chart A8.2. Likelihood of reporting to be in good health, by educational attainment (2012)

26. Adults with higher levels of education are more likely to report that they trust others Chart A8.4 Likelihood of reporting to trust others, by educational attainment (2012)

27. Women are more likely than men to be enrolled in tertiary education Percentage of 25-34 year-olds who have attained tertiary education, by gender (2014) Chart A10.1

28. Boys tend to perform worse in school than girls Gender differences in the percentage of 15 year-olds students who are low achievers in all subjects (e.g. mathematics, reading, science) (PISA 2012) Chart A10.2

29. In all countries, employment rates are higher for men than for women Employment rates of 25-64 year-old men and women with below upper secondary and tertiary education (2014) Chart A10.5

30. OECD countries spend USD 10 220 per student per year from primary through tertiary education Annual expenditure by educational institutions per student, by types of service, from primary to tertiary education (2012). In equivalent USD con verted using PPPs, based on full-time equivalents, for primary through tertiary education Chart B1.1.

31. Annual spending per primary student is USD 8 247, on average Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Primary education Chart B1.2. P

32. Annual spending per secondary student is USD 9 518, on average Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). All secondary education Chart B1.2. S

33. Annual spending per tertiary student ranges from USD 2 089 to USD 32 876 Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Tertiary education Chart B1.2. T

34. Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non- tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries between 2005 and 2012 Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education Chart B1.4. P,S,PS

35. Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Tertiary education Chart B1.4. T

36. In most countries, spending primary, secondary and post- secondary non tertiary student increased by at least 5% between 2008 and 2012 Changes in the number of students, expenditure on educational institutions and expenditure per student. Primary, secondary and post-secondar y non-tertiary education (2008, 2012) Chart B1.5. P,S,PS

37. As enrolment increased faster than expenditure, spending per tertiary student decreased in 11 countries between 2008 and 2012 Changes in the number of students, expenditure on educational institutions and expenditure per student.Tertiary Education (2008, 2012) Chart B1.5. T

38. In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 3.7% of their GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund. Chart B2.2. P,S,PS

39. In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 1.5% of their GDP on tertiary education Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund. Chart B2.2. T

40. About 30% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2012) Chart B3.1

41. Between 2010 and 2012, 14 countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education and index of change in public expenditure on educational institutions and in GDP (20 10 to 2012) Chart B2.4

42. On average, 21.7% of expenditure on tertiary institutions comes from private households Distribution of public and private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2012) Chart B3.2.

43. The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions changed only one percentage point between 2005 and 2012 Share of private expenditure on tertiary education institutions (2005 and 2012) Chart B3.3. a

44. The increase, between 2005 and 2012, in the share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions differs considerably among countries Change, in percentage points, in the share of private expenditure between 2005 and 2012 Chart B3.3. b

45. There is more public expenditure per student in public tertiary institutions than in private institutions Annual public expenditure on educational institutions per student in tertiary education, by type of institution (2012) Chart B3.4.

46. In 2012, some 12% of total public spending was devoted to education Total public expenditure on primary to tertiary education as a percentage of total public expenditure (2005, 2008, 2012) Chart B4.1.

47. Between 2005 and 2012, most countries reduced public expenditure as percentage of GDP Total public expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2005, 2012) Chart B4.2.

48. Between 2008 and 2012, public spending on education as a percentage of total public spending decreased in most countries Index of change between 2008 and 2012 in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure Chart B4.3.

49. In some countries where students pay high tuition fees, students benefit from financial support Relationship between average tuition fees charged by public institutions related to the proportion of students who benefit from public loans AND/ OR scholarships/grants at bachelor's and equivalent level (2013-14) Chart B5.1

50. In countries where tuition fees are moderate, most students do not benefit from financial support Distribution of scholarships/grants and public loans to students in Bachelor's or equivalent level (2013-14) Chart B5.3

51. Some 79% of current expenditure goes to compensating education staff Distribution of current expenditure on educational institutions for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2012) Chart B6.1.

52. In most countries, the salary cost of teachers per student increases with the level of education Salary cost of teachers per student, by level of education (2013) in USD Chart B7.1.

53. The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, upper secondary education (2013) in USD Chart B7.4.

54. Enrolment rates are greater than 70% in almost all countries Enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds (2013) Chart C1.1.

55. Six in ten students are enrolled in general programmes Distribution of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education, by programme orientation (2013) Chart C1.2.

56. Some 69% of tertiary students were enrolled in public institutions in 2013 Distribution of students in tertiary education by type of institutions (2013) Chart C1.3. %

57. Some 70 % of 3-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education Enrolment rates at age 3 and 4 in early childhood education (2013) Chart C2.1. %

58. Large proportions of children are enrolled in private pre-primary schools Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in early childhood education (2013) Chart C2.3.

59. Expenditure on pre-primary education accounts for 0.6% of GDP, on average Expenditure on pre-primary educational institutions (2012) Chart C2.4.

60. Some 67% of young adults will enter tertiary education at least once in their lifetime First-time tertiary entry rates (2013) Chart C3.1. %

61. Some 61% of those entering doctoral programmes are younger than 30 Percentage of entrants below typical age (2013) Chart C3.3. %

62. International student enrolments vary greatly across countries Student mobility in tertiary education (2013) Chart C4.1. %

63. The proportion of international students is different at different levels of tertiary education Student mobility in tertiary education, by ISCED level (2013) Chart C4.2. %

64. OECD countries attract 80% of all foreign and international students Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2013) Chart C4.3.

65. Students from Asia form the largest group of international students Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2013) Chart C4.4.

66. In 2014, 18% of 20-24 year-olds in OECD countries were neither employed nor in education or training, on average NEET population among 20-24 year-olds, by gender (2014) Chart C5.1.

67. Some 46% of young adults are in education, on average Percentage of 20-24 year-olds in education Chart C5.2 %

68. Almost 10% of young adults across OECD countries are unemployed Percentage of 20-24 year-olds not in education by work status Chart C5.2 WS

69. The higher the level of skills, the more likely the participation in employer-sponsored education Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by skills and readiness to use information and communication technolo gies for problem solving (2012) Chart C6.1.

70. Some 62% of workers in the most skilled occupations participate in employer-sponsored education Participation in employer-sponsored education, by occupation (2011, 2012) Chart C6.2.

71. Only 14% of those who reported that they never read at work participate in employer-sponsored education Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by use of reading skills at work (2012) Chart C6.5.

72. Using influencing skills at work is strongly related to participation in employer-sponsored education Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by use of influencing skills at work (2012) Chart C6.6.

73. Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 570 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education Compulsory instruction time in general education (2015) Chart D1.1.

74. The number of students per class tends to increase between primary and lower secondary education Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2013) Chart D2.1.

75. Larger classes are correlated with less time spent on actual teaching and learning Relationship between average class size and time spent teaching/learning in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes Chart Box D2.a.1

76. Larger classes are correlated with more time spent on keeping order in the classroom Relationship between average class size and time spent keeping order in the classroom in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes Chart Box D2.a.2

77. In only two countries are teachers' salaries higher than the salaries of comparably educated workers Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for similarly educated workers or workers with tertiary education (2013). Lower secondary teachers teaching general programmes in public institutions Chart D3.1.

78. New lower secondary teachers with the typical qualifications earn, on average, USD 31 013. At the top of scale and maximum qualifications they earn, on average, USD 53 786 Annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs at different points in their c areers (2013) Chart D3.2.

79. Between 2000 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased overall in real terms in most countries with available data Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualifications Chart D3.3.

80. Public-school teachers teach between 1 005 hours per year at the pre-primary level to 643 hours at the upper secondary level, on average Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2013). Net statutory contact time in public institutions Chart D4.2.

81. The percentage of teachers' working time spent teaching ranges from 32% in Turkey, Japan and Hungary to 75% in Colombia Net teaching time that lower secondary teachers spend teaching as a percentage of total statutory working time (2013) Chart D4.3.

82. The age of the teaching force varies considerably across countries Age distribution of teachers in upper secondary education (2013) Chart D5.2

83. The highest proportion of female teachers are concentrated in the earlier years of schooling and shrink at each successive level of education Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education (2013) Chart D5.3

84. Schools were better equipped with new technologies in 2012 than in 2003 Change between 2003 and 2012 in the index of quality of schools' educational resources (e.g. textbooks, computers for instruction, computer software) Chart D8.2

85. Some countries have been more successful than others in imparting the skills students need to participate fully in the digital age Mean score-point difference between paper-and-pencil and computer-delivered reading test1 (PISA 2012). 15-year-old students, by gender Chart D8.3

86. Almost one in five teachers in OECD countries feels a need for further training in how to use ICT in the classroom Percentage of lower secondary education teachers who report having a high level of need for professional development to improve their ICT skills for teaching Chart D8.4

87. Education at a Glance 2015 http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm www.oecd.org/edu Andreas.Schleicher@oecd.org Follow us on: @OECDEduSkills @EduSkills OECD @ EduSkills OECD