1. Sanitation Highly Integrated Theme SHIT

2. Issues 1. Strategy – policy : is there one or not? Is sanitation a public good? Do you have to pay for it? (Willingness, ability) 2. Roles and responsibilities, Link with water supply/health/wrm (Ministry coordination) Ownership? Donor driven? Institutional Capacity 3. Legislation to support implementation of strategy 4. Resources (financial, human, nature, material) Braindrain 5. Culture (Acceptability) 6. Technology (Affordability service/construction) 7. Rural – urban different constraints/approaches 8. Data are missing – health data lacking makes it difficult to justify, plan, monitor and design programmes

3. Key lessons Strategy: Strategy: Sanitation in many countries not seen as priority Sanitation in many countries not seen as priority Detailed annexes to strategy on regional characteristics (culture, geography etc (Chad) Detailed annexes to strategy on regional characteristics (culture, geography etc (Chad) Roles and responsibilities: Roles and responsibilities: No separate Ministries for sanitation created, coordination difficult but crucial with health, water, education, etc. No separate Ministries for sanitation created, coordination difficult but crucial with health, water, education, etc. Donors can raise the importance of sanitation in dialogue with government Donors can raise the importance of sanitation in dialogue with government Role community can be enhanced/triggered by CLTS Role community can be enhanced/triggered by CLTS

4. Key lessons cont. Resources ( human/finance) Resources ( human/finance) Sanitation requires higher level of understanding of consequences – causal relationship with health (costs) Sanitation requires higher level of understanding of consequences – causal relationship with health (costs) Insufficient awareness – campaign is not sufficient Insufficient awareness – campaign is not sufficient WSTF could be a model for other countries, also under budget support (harmonisation) WSTF could be a model for other countries, also under budget support (harmonisation) WSTF to include equal attention/finance to sanitation WSTF to include equal attention/finance to sanitation Scope for private sector involvement Scope for private sector involvement Culture Culture CLTS – impact depends on cultural norms – needs to be tailored – could be powerful instrument as starting point. CLTS – impact depends on cultural norms – needs to be tailored – could be powerful instrument as starting point. Risk: people decide on technology and should take care of physical constraints (flooding, high water table, etc.) – technology needs to be adapted, community might need to be supported/advised on suitable technology Risk: people decide on technology and should take care of physical constraints (flooding, high water table, etc.) – technology needs to be adapted, community might need to be supported/advised on suitable technology CLTS does not necessarily lead to improved sanitation (who standards) CLTS does not necessarily lead to improved sanitation (who standards)

5. Lessons learned cont. Technologies (rural –urban) Technologies (rural –urban) Space (urban), land tenure issues make it very complicated to design solutions Space (urban), land tenure issues make it very complicated to design solutions Do we have appropriate technical solutions for urban low income areas (biogas, low cost sewerage, emptying latrines/ septic tanks) Do we have appropriate technical solutions for urban low income areas (biogas, low cost sewerage, emptying latrines/ septic tanks) Sharing experiences in sanitation limited Sharing experiences in sanitation limited Legislation Legislation Legal requirement to build toilet once construction permit for house is obtained. Legal requirement to build toilet once construction permit for house is obtained.