1. Roman Empire

2. Decline of the Roman Republic Main causes for the decline of the republic Spread of slavery in agriculture Migration and unemployment of small farmers Inflation Civil war over power of Julius Caesar

3. Civil war First triumvirate takes power (60 BCE) Fall of triumvirate Julius Caesar Crassus Pompey Crassus dies Pompey becomes consul

4. Civil war Caesar marches on Rome, starting civil war Pompey is killed in Egypt Caesar gains complete control of Rome Julius Caesar passes popular reforms Senators later assassinate Julius Caesar

5. Second triumvirate Officially in power (43-33 BCE) War between Octavian and Antony Octavian (Augustus Caesar) Lepidus Marc Antony Octavian wins Becomes first emperor of Rome – Augustus Caesar

6. Roman Empire Augustus unifies and enlarges empire Issues of emperor Using imperial authority Military No peaceful transition process

7. Expansion of Roman Empire Rome expands to: Secures expansion of Republic Asia Minor British Isles

8. Expansion of Roman Empire

9. Pax Romana What was the Pax Romana? Begins under Augustus Caesar Two centuries of peace and prosperity Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire

10. Pax Romana Economic impact of Pax Romana Uniform money system Expanded trade Very good roads Safe travel Prosperity and stability

11. Pax Romana Social impact of Pax Romana Political impact of Pax Romana Returned stability to social classes Increased focus on family Created civil service Uniform rule of law

12. Cultural Contributions - Pantheon Temple in Rome honoring all the Roman gods and goddesses. Today it is a church.

13. Cultural Contributions – Colosseum Home of popular spectacle, such as gladiator battles.

14. Cultural Contributions - Forum Center of trade and government in Rome.

15. Cultural contributions – Aqueducts Aqueducts were bridges used to transport water. They supplied water for drinking and baths.

16. Cultural Contributions - Roads

17. Cultural Contributions - Arches Support in buildings and monuments.

18. Cultural Contributions Science Public Health Ptolemy – Astronomy – Geography Public baths Public water systems Medicals schools

19. Cultural Contributions Language Literature Latin Romance languages Virgil’s Aeneid

20. Cultural Contributions Law Twelve Tables – Innocent until proven guilty

21. Christianity Founder Roots in Judaism Holy Book Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ) Monotheistic religion First followers were Jewish The Bible New Testament – accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings of early Christians

22. Christianity Foundational Beliefs Jesus was son and incarnation of God Life after death exists Peace, love, and justice God loves the poor and lowly

23. Christianity Spread of Christianity Message very popular with the poor Apostles spread word though Roman Empire Paul of Tarsus main preacher

24. Christianity Persecution of Christians Conflicted with polytheism of Roman Empire Martyrs inspired others

25. Christianity Christianity becomes legal in 313 Emperor Constantine converts Later becomes official state religion

26. Christianity Christianity as an important moral force Church councils establish doctrine Church (Pope) becomes more important than Emperor Unifying force in Western Europe

27. Fall of Rome Large size Economy Military Hard to defend and control large area Falling value of Roman money Expensive to defend High unemployment Non-Romans in Army were not loyal to Rome

28. Fall of Rome Moral decay Political issues Invasion Loss of faith in Rome by people Conflicts in government Weak rulers Attacks on borders Eventual attack on Rome itself

29. Fall of Rome Rome is divided in two Fall of Western Roman Empire Emperor Constantine moves capital to Byzantium, renames it Constantinople Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) Last Roman Emperor in Rome in 476 CE