1. Using the handouts, write down the following questions and answer them in your notes: 1 - (Yellow handout – under heading, “Growth in Supply of Consumer Goods”) During the late 1800’s, why was consumerism not very prevalent amongst the working class? 2 - (Yellow handout – under heading, “Growth in Supply of Consumer Goods”) By 1900, what two developments lead to greater consumerism amongst even the industrial / working class? 3 - (Yellow handout – under heading, “Hours and Wages in the Factory”) Summarize, writing down economic statistics, the economic situation of the average working family in 1900. 4 - (Using “New Immigrants and Old” handout) What were some actual differences as well as perceived differences between the “Old” and “New” immigrants?

2. Using the handouts, write down the following questions and answer them in your notes: 1 - (Yellow handout – under heading, “Growth in Supply of Consumer Goods”) During the late 1800’s, why was consumerism not very prevalent amongst the working class? * Members of the working class worked long hours for little pay and had little left over for consumer spending. 2 - (Yellow handout – under heading, “Growth in Supply of Consumer Goods”) By 1900, what two developments lead to greater consumerism amongst even the industrial / working class? * Higher rates of production made consumer goods more affordable, and mass marketing through encouraging Americans that they needed these goods.

3. Using the handouts, write down the following questions and answer them in your notes: 3 - (Yellow handout – under heading, “Hours and Wages in the Factory”) Summarize, writing down economic statistics, the economic situation of the average working family in 1900. * By 1900, the Average family is making $483 a year at $1.55 a day, in many cases working more than 60 hours a week, making about $13,000 a year in today’s dollars. 4 - (Using “New Immigrants and Old” handout) What were some actual differences as well as perceived differences between the “Old” and “New” immigrants? * Actual differences in location of where these immigrants predominantly came from, but perceived differences, such as illiterate, unskilled, radical politically, and were “short and dark.”

4. What is an emigrant? An emigrant leaves their land to live in another country. The person is emigrating to another country Illustration of Irish emigrants aboard ship on their way to America

5. What is an immigrant? An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country. Immigrants at Ellis Island after arriving in America

6. What is Nativism? “Nativism” is a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

7. Nativism …Why Nativism? What were the causes of nativist sentiment? (write these …) “Old” versus “New” immigrants … Old – Northern Europeans: Ireland, Germany, England, and Scandinavian countries. – Before the Civil War … 95% of immigrants were from Northern Europe 1890 is the “year of division” New – Southeastern Europeans, mainly from Italy, Greece, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, as well as Canada and China, but also record numbers of Irish & Germans – By 1900, 32% of immigrants were “New Immigrants” and by 1920, 59% were considered the “New Immigrants”

8. Cultural Differences between “Old” versus “New” immigrants … “Old” Immigrants were WASPs – White, Anglo-Saxon protestants - Newcomers needed to be “Americanized” - Immigration a “problem to be solved” - Examples of “social control” (write these …) “New” Immigrants were largely Catholic and Jewish - Resisted complete “Americanization”

9. “New” Immigrants – By 1900, total percentage of parentage in American cities (urban areas) that was foreign born in major cities was 34% – Russian immigrant population – 75% urban dwellers – Polish, Italians, and Irish – 60% urban – Bohemians, Austrian, and Hungarians – 55% urban Efforts to retain the Culture: – (1) “Saloon culture” versus the “Sunday Blue Laws” / Puritan culture of WASPs – (2) Practiced “Chain migration” … – (3) Parochial Schools … – (4) Settled in “Ethnic Enclaves” …

10. “Ethnic Enclaves”

12. Video Clip from “Crash Course – Cities & Immigration” 1 – Statistical changes in urbanization … 1880 … 1900 … 1920 … 2 –Cultural contributions of immigrants … 3 – “Responses” to immigration …

13. Why They Came? Push Factors - Farm poverty and worker uncertainty - Wars and compulsory military service - Political tyranny - Religious persecution - Population pressures Pull Factors - Plenty of land and work - Higher standard of living - Democratic political system - Opportunity for social advancement