1. NEXT Hittite archer in chariot. Chapter 3 People and Ideas on the Move, 2000 B.C.– 250 B.C. Migrations by Indo-Europeans led to major changes in ___________________ and ___________________ as well as to the foundations of three religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism.

2. Indo-Europeans Migrate Indo-Europeans Characteristics of Indo-Europeans ___________________________________ — nomadic, pastoral people; they tamed horses and rode chariots Came from the __________________________ — dry grasslands north of the Caucasus mountains The Indo-European Language Family Their language ancestral to many ___________________________ languages of Europe and Asia ___________________, ____________________, _________________, and ____________________ trace origins to original the Indo-Europeans Language groups settled in different areas An Unexplained Migration 1700–1200 B.C. Indo-Europeans __________________, moved in all directions SECTION 1

3. The Hittite Empire SECTION 1 The Hittite Arrival _________________________ — a group of Indo-European speakers Take control of _______________________ (Asia Minor) around 2000 B.C. City-states join to form an empire; dominate Southwest Asia for _______ years Hittites Adopt and Adapt Borrowed ideas from ___________________________________ culture; adopted ________________________ language Chariots and Iron Technology Hittites skilled in _______________; they spread iron technology by trade and _______________________ Empire falls around 1190 B.C. after attacks from ____________________________________

4. Aryans Transform India SECTION 1 The Aryan People _____________________ — Indo-European people, enter Indus River Valley around 1500 B.C. Sacred writing, the ___________________, reveal much of their culture A Caste System Develops Aryans are physically distinct from people of India Four _____________________, or social classes, develop: -priests (_______________________) -warriors -peasants or traders -laborers People are __________________________________________________ Hundreds of subgroups arise later

5. NEXT Aryan Kingdoms Arise Aryans extend settlements to other ________________________________ Small kingdoms arise _______________ kingdom unites all and spreads across India by 100 B.C. Epic ___________________________________ reflects the blending of Aryan and non-Aryan culture continued Aryans Transform India SECTION 1

6. NEXT Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries Hinduism and Buddhism Develop Hinduism Collection of _____________________________ that developed slowly over time No one ______________________ with a single set of ideas Origins and Beliefs 750–500 B.C. Hindu teachers create _____________________________ — texts of teachings Each person has ______________—soul united with all others in Brahman In __________________________________, people reborn to new lives A soul’s good and bad deeds, ____________________, determines course of new life Continued... SECTION 2

7. 2 Hinduism Changes and Develops Over the last ___________ years different forms of gods grow in importance Today, Hindus choose their own path to _______________________ — a state of perfect understanding continued Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries Hinduism and Society Hinduism strengthened the ________________________________ New Religions Arise ____________________, a new religion, arises in 500s B.C. Jains will not harm __________________________________ They work in trade (________________________); practice religious _________________________________

8. The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment Siddhartha Gautama Founder of Buddhism; priests prophesized his ______________________ Siddhartha’s Quest Raised in __________________________, Siddhartha Gautama wants to learn about world Seeks _________________________________ (wisdom), how to escape human suffering Tries many methods; gains enlightenment by __________________________ Becomes the Buddha, the “________________________________________” SECTION 2

9. 2 Origins and Beliefs Buddha begins to teach followers Preaches ___________________________________ — basic philosophy of Buddhism Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the ____________________________ path to achieve nirvana Nirvana: -a perfect state of ______________________________ -a release from _________________________ and _____________ -a break from the chain of ___________________________________, rebirths _____________________rejects caste system and multiple gods of Hinduism continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

10. SECTION 2 The Religious Community Some followers devote lives to religion, become _________________ & __________________ Three bases of Buddhism: __________________, __________________ _________________________, ___________________________ continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment Buddhism and Society Many followers were at first among the ________________ and lower caste ________________ and _____________ spread Buddha’s teachings Teachings written to become _____________________________________

11. SECTION 2 Buddhism in India Spreads to other parts of ___________________ Never gains firm hold in ____________________; Hinduism remains strong Buddhist pilgrims often visit India continued The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment Trade and the Spread of Buddhism Buddhism spreads by traders to: -_________________________, ________________________, ___________________, ________________________ -________________, ____________________, _____________________

12. Minoans Trade in the Mediterranean Seafaring Traders The Minoan People The ___________________________, powerful seafaring people, live on Crete in __________________________________ Dominate trade in eastern _________________________________ from 2000 to 1400 B.C. Culture influences others, especially _______________________ SECTION 3

13. Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization Excavations of _____________________________, capital city of Minoan civilization, revealed: -Minoans were______________________, ______________________, lovers of nature and beauty -______________________ had major role, especially in religion -Sacrificed ________________, and sometimes _______________, to gods Archaelogists name civilization Minoa after King Minos -King Minos—legendary king who owned a ______________________ continued Minoans Trade in the Mediterranean SECTION 3

14. Minoan Culture’s Mysterious End _____________________________ in 1700 B.C. caused damage, but Minoans rebuild In 1470 B.C. major earthquakes and ________________________________ Minoans ___________________ recover from disasters Invaders from ___________________ take Minoan lands continued Minoans Trade in the Mediterranean SECTION 3

15. Phoenicians Spread Trade and Civilization The Phoenician People Phoenicians—powerful ___________________ in wealthy city- states along Mediterranean Skilled _________________________, ___________________________; sailed around continent of Africa Commercial Outposts Around the Mediterranean Phoenicians set up colonies in western and central ____________________________ Famous for red-purple dye produced from snails Phoenicia’s Great Legacy: The Alphabet Developed system of ______________________ to record trade deals Later developed into western _________________________ SECTION 3

16. Ancient Trade Routes Trade Links Peoples Land routes link ________________________________ world and Asia Indian traders sail to Southeast Asia and _______________________ Trade helps spread ___________________, __________________, ______________________ SECTION 3

17. The Search for a Promised Land The Origins of Judaism Ancient Palestine ___________________________ was region on eastern shores of Mediterranean _______________ people settled in __________________, land promised to them by ___________ From Ur to Egypt ___________________, first five books of Hebrew Bible, tells early history of Hebrews In _____________, God chose _____________________, a shepherd, to be father of Hebrew people ________________________ moves family and herds from __________ to Canaan around 1800 B.C. Around 1650 B.C. Abraham’s descendants move to ___________________ SECTION 4

18. 4 The God of Abraham Hebrews are __________________________, believing in one God only—Yahweh Yahweh is all powerful, not a _____________________________ A mutual promise, _________________________, is made between God and Abraham Abraham promises to obey God, Yahweh promises _________________ continued The Search for a Promised Land

19. Moses and the Exodus Hebrews Migrate to Egypt At first the Hebrews are ______________________ in Egyptian kingdom; later they become __________________ “Let My People Go” ___________________ flee Egypt between 1300 and 1200 B.C. Bible tells of God’s command that _________________ lead this “______________________” A New Covenant Moses receives the ______________________________ — this becomes the basis of Hebrew law SECTION 4

20. 4 The Land and People of the Bible Torah tells of Hebrews wandering ___________________ Desert for _______ years They arrive in Canaan form and ___________________ tribes; judges provide leadership continued Moses and the Exodus A Hebrew Law Women and men have _____________________ roles, responsibilities Law includes ________________ justice which is softened by ___________ ____________________ arise later to interpret the law They teach people to live ________________ lives

21. The Kingdom of Isreal Canaan Land that Hebrews believe ___________ promised them Canaan land is _______________; Hebrews expand south and north Saul and David Establish a Kingdom Hebrews threatened by ______________________ to the north Only one tribe remains, __________________; Hebrew religion called ___________________ From 1020 to 922 B.C. Hebrews (Jews) unite; new kingdom called __________________ King David establishes ___________________________ as capital SECTION 4

22. 4 Solomon Builds the Kingdom David’s son Solomon becomes King; makes Israel a ________________ empire He builds a magnificent temple and royal palace in __________________ continued The Kingdom of Israel The Kingdom Divides High ____________ and forced ______________ lead Jews in the north to revolt By 922 B.C. kingdom divides in two — _________________ in the north, __________________ in south _____________ years of conflict follow

23. NEXT The Babylonian Captivity A Conquered People In 738 B.C. Israel and Judah pay ______________________ (money for peace) to Assyria By 722 B.C. Assyrians conquer __________________ In 586 B.C. Babylonians conquer ___________________, and destroy _____________________ Temple Many surviving Jews exiled to ____________________ In 539 B.C. __________________ conquer Babylon; ____________ Jews return to Jerusalem Temple and walls rebuilt; land was later ruled by ___________________, ___________________, ____________________ SECTION 4