1. Regents Biology Carbohydrates

2. Regents Biology Carbohydrates Which foods contain carbohydrates?

3. Regents Biology 2009-2010 Carbohydrates OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy Source Why are carbohydrates important?

4. Regents Biology Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Glucose

5. Regents Biology Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 C 1 H 2 O 1

6. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Function:  Quick energy  Energy storage  Structure and Support

7. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Function:  Quick energy --- glucose Simple carbohydrates (glucose) are the primary source of chemical energy for cells.

8. Regents Biology Carbohydrates starch Complex carbohydrates store energy starch & glycogen  Function: energy storage --- glycogen

9. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Function: Complex carbohydrates provide structure and support --- cellulose & chitin

10. Regents Biology Carbohydrates can exist as: monosaccharides --- composed of one monomer---one sugar disaccharides --- composed of two monomers (two monosaccharides)--- two sugars polysaccharides --- composed many monomers (many monosaccharides)---many sugars

11. Regents Biology SIMPLE SUGARS – name ends in ose Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

12. Regents Biology Monosaccharides …one sugar Many simple sugars: contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms arranged in a ring in a ratio of C 1 H 2 O 1. Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 Ribose C 5 H 10 O 5 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6

13. Regents Biology The most common monosaccharides are: …..simple sugar…..one sugar  Glucose - main source of energy for cells.  Fructose - the sugar in fruits  Galactose – sugar found in milk  Ribose- sugar in DNA and RNA

14. Regents Biology Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose - C 6 H 12 O 6

15. Regents Biology Disaccharides: composed of two monosaccharides --- two sugars Sucrose (table sugar) – composed of glucose and fructose. Lactose (sugar in milk) – composed of glucose and galactose.

16. Regents Biology Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (sugar in milk) glucose fructose glucose galactose

17. Regents Biology Polysaccharides --- complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides …many sugars sugar polysaccharide

18. Regents Biology Polysaccharides --- sugar Function: (1) Energy Reserves (2) Structure and Support

19. Regents Biology Polysaccharides - Energy Reserves (1) Starch --- energy storage in plant cells composed of long chains of glucose (2) Glycogen --- energy storage in the liver and muscles of animals composed of long chains of glucose

20. Regents Biology Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support (1)Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants straight long chains of glucose molecules. (2) Chitin ---- the cell wall of fungi; the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.