1. Biological Control Strategies

2. Bio-control Strategies Classical Biological Control Augmentation - Inundation - Inoculation Conservation Biological Control

3. Classical Biological Control Definition The intentional introduction of an exotic biological control agent for permanent establishment and long-term pest control (Eisenberg et al. 2001)

4. The enemy release hypothesis

5. Introducing a Natural Enemy Identify center of origin Foreign exploration Quarantine and mass production Release and establishment Post-establishment evaluation

6. Case Study: Vedalia versus cottony cushion scale

7. California 1868 California 1880 The Cotton Cushion Scale

8. Albert Koebele Traveled to Australia in 1888 Foreign Exploration

9. Natural Enemies Found and Shipped! Rodolia cardinalis

10. Natural Enemy Released

11. 1890: Cotton Cushion scale no more Problem Solved!

12. Other Imported Natural Enemy of the Cotton Cushion Scale

14. Californians Were Thankful

15. Case Study: Controlling the Cassava Mealybug

16. Classical Biological control

17. Successful classical biological control cases

19. New Associations

20. The percentage of control is low

21. Some Terminology Establishment Complete control Substantial control Partial control

22. To Improve Classical Bio-Control Success: Climate matching Stable habitats Simple food webs Pest and natural enemy are specialists Pest feed unconcealed Pests are gregarious Numerous releases (different species)

23. Consider that: Bio-control take sometime to kick The cost-benefit ratio when established is always high