1. UJAMAA VILLAGIZATION (1969 – 1974) - In1970, less than the 5% of the population were living in 1956 villages (271 inhabitants per village). - When the Ujamaa experiment finished in October 1977, the 79% of the society and 85% of all rural dwellers were living in 7300 villages (1850 inhabitants per village). - The Ujamaa experiment turned out to be a disaster for Tanzania. - By 1977 the economy was in a catastrophic state. - There was a general enthusiasm for the idea of creating ujamaa villages, however peasants discovered the reality of the program. - They preferred to work their own plots rather than working collectively due to the lack of personal incentives. - There were confrontation between the government troops and rebellious villagers.

2. - By the early 1970s, the government introduced forced migration of peasants with Operation Rufiji and Operation Dodoma. - Nyerere stated “There was a need for every Tanzanian to change his mode of life if rapid progress was to be achieved. People who refused to accept changes were stupid, if not ignorant or stubborn.” - Opposition grew and by 1974, very few ujamaas were reaching the outputs Tanzania needed. - A survey in 1975 showed that 8% of villages were at that stage. - The amount of grain produced was not enough to feed the country’s own population. Tanzania had to import huge quantities of maize, exports of cotton, coffee and sisal fell. - Ironically, considering one of the objectives of the Arusha Declaration, Tanzania became more and more dependent on external loans. (see pic on page 205)

3. -The key factors that affected the exportation of sisal was the nationalization of the sisal industry (after the Arusha Declaration) and the discovery of synthetic substitutes (polypropylene).

4. -Eventually a number of factors contributed to the downfall of the development model based on the Ujamaa concept. Among those factors were the oil crisis of the 1970s, the collapse of export commodity prices (particularly coffee and sisal), a lack of foreign direct investment, and the onset of the war with Uganda in 1978, which bled the young Tanzanian nation of valuable resources and two successive droughts. - Nyerere had planned to retire in 1980, but because of the crisis he agreed to stay one more term as a president. - Nyerere received 99% of yes in 1970, 93% in 1975 and 93% in 1980………………WHY??

5. There was only one candidate, and voters could either vote YES or NO!!

6. - Between 1981 and 1985, Nyerere started to negotiate with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other international aid givers for loans. - Nyerere realized that the heavy external indebtedness would mean an end to his experiment in creating an African socialist state. - The IMF conditions: - liberalization of the economy - reduce the government expenditure - devalue the currency - close down the parastatals - Nyerere would not abandon ujamaas, and refused to comply the IMF’s conditions. - As a result the economy continued to spiral downwards for another 5 years.

7. -Another factor that helped in the declining of the economy was the policies in regard to the tourism. -Extortionate fees for hotel accommodations, entry fees for the game parks and the closing of the border with Kenya in 1977 affected tremendously this industry. - By 1985 wages were declining, inflation was running at 40%, the peasants were abandoning the ujamaas villages and Tanzania was forced to devalue the shilling. - Tanzania was going to economic ruin, but Nyerere still refused to accept IMF’s conditions. - The external debt grew from $250 million in 1970 to $3.7 billion in 1986. - When Nyerere resigned in 1985, the new president Ali Hassan Mwinyi realized that Tanzania had to change its policies and he agreed to adopt the measures required by the IMF. (see pic on page 206)

8. NYERERE’S SOCIAL POLICIES -In 1977, Nyerere made an assessment of how far Tanzania had progress ten years after the announcement of the plans outlined in the Arusha Declaration. -He pointed to some impressive achievements in the social sector as a result of the Second Five Year Plan: * Children in primary educ.(1967) 825.000(1975) 1.532.000 * Children entering schools(1967) 187.537(1976) 665.621 * People who passed a basic(1975) 1.9 million reading & writing test * Rural health centers(1967) 42(1976) 152 * Average life expectancy(1961) 35-40(1976) 47 * Primary school enrolments(1961) 86.000(1985) 3.6 million

9. * Adult literacy85% (the highest in Africa) * Life expectancy50 (as a result of improvements in some areas) * Increase in the number of qualified doctors * Increase in the number of hospitals * Clean water was now far more available * Infant mortality had been halved - The World Bank published an investigation in 1994 which corroborated many of Nyerere’s claims. (see the sources L and M on page 208) - Yet the World Bank reported that there had been improvements, there were still areas within the social sector that had not been dealt adequately by the government.

10. -The WB concluded “None of the problems were insoluble. However the Government of Tanzania did relatively little to improve the situation during the 1980s….As a result the quality of most social services declined…textbooks and basic teaching material were in short supply as were qualified and motivated teachers in rural primary schools”. -Havnevik stated: “From the early 1980s onwards, lack of school books, pupils’ desk, teachers’ housing and poor school maintenance had eroded much of what Tanzania had gained during its first two decades of independence. From the early 1980s most rural health stations had only very limited supply of medicine, if any at all”.

11. -The report also commented about the gender equality: Women * the rate enrolment in primary schools was 81% in 1991 * were not allowed to own land * could not inherit land * were seldom put in charge of cash crops * were relegated to the providing of the food * were less likely to be hired (labor costs were high due to the maternity leave and breastfeeding) * bride price (dowry) had to be repaid by women in case of divorce

12. -At the end of 1985, in both economic and social terms, the quality of life for Tanzanians had made improvements, particularly in education and health, but it was way far from the achievements promised by Nyerere at Arusha. -Shortly before his death, Nyerere stated “The Declaration is still valid: I would not change a thing…The Arusha Declaration was that made Tanzania distinctly Tanzania….”