1. Neurological Diseases PNS

2. Nervous System CNS – ___________, spinal cord PNS (Links CNS to_____________) – _______________(from brain) – Peripheral nerves (from ____________) Autonomic nervous system smooth muscle and cardiac muscle : (PNS and SNS) Somatic (voluntary) system –____________m.

3. Cranial nerves

4. Mnemonics “Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Various Girl's Very Angelic Hands” Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Troclear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal “Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Business Makes Money”

5. NUMBERNAMETYPEKEY FUNCTION IOlfactorySSmell IIOpticSVision IIIOcculomotorMEye movement, pupil size, focusing lens IVTrochlearMEye movement VTrigeminalBSensations – head & teeth; chewing VIAbducentMEye movement VIIFacialBFace and scalp movement, salivation, tears, taste VIIIVestibulococlearSBalance, hearing IXGLossopharangealBTongue movement, swallowing, salivation, taste XVagusBSensory from: GI, respiratory; Motor: larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic, abdomen and thoracic organs XIAccessoryMHead movement, accessory motor with vagus XIIHypoglossalMTongue movement

6. Neurological Exam Attitude, Level of consciousness, Gait Cranial Nerves – I (S) ___________: ether on cotton—will ______ away – ______ (S) Optic: follow moving objects; drop cotton ball – III (M), IV (M), VI (M) Oculomotor, trochlear, abducent: _________ up, down, sideways – V (B) Trigeminal: sensory to _______, motor to mastication; anesthesia to face, weakness in jaw muscles

7. Neurologic Exam – VII (M) Facial: ________droop; drool; no menace – VIII (S) Vestibulocochlear: _________ (nystagmus, head tilt); hearing – IX (B), X (B), XI (M) Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory:______________; muscle atrophy – XII (M) Hypoglossal: loss of tongue movement; ______________ atrophy

8. Female Brain

9. Male Brain

10. LOCATION

11. Neurologic Exam Observe – Mentation (alert, lethargic, coma, etc) Agitation, anxiety Seizures – Posture (Higher center) _______ or sternal Head tilt (vestibular?___) Wide based stance (ataxia, weakness)

12. Neuro Exam Gait – Walking and running on flat, nonslippery surface Walk slowly back and forth with turns and circles – Proprioceptive deficits –__________? (spinal cord defect) – Paresis (_______)/paralysis (________) – cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord or peripheral spinal nerves or muscles – Circling/pacing – Tight circling with head tilt – ___________ (VIII) With ______________– ipsilateral cerebral cortex

13. Posterior Paresis Reflexes present in the rear legs T3-L3 Reflexes are diminished or absent in the rear legs L4-S2

14. Neuro Exam – Ataxia/incoordination –_________, vestibular system, or spinal cord – Dysmetria - cerebellar ____________– too long movements Hypometria – ___________________

15. Neuro Exam Postural reactions – __________ – Hopping – Wheelbarrowing – Hemiwalking Muscle Tone – Atrophy – occurs slowly from disuse Rapidly from nerve damage – LMN – ________________ – UMN – extensor muscle tone increased – Test by flexing/extending joints

16. Knuckling

17. Neuro exam – Spinal Reflexes Thoracic limb withdrawal – _______________ Patellar – strike patellar ligament – extension of stifle Pelvic limb withdrawal – _______________ Sciatic – Strike between greater trochanter and ischium –_______ of stifle and hock Cranial tibial – strike cranial tibial m just below proximal end of tibia – __________ hock Perineal – pinch perineum/anus – anal sphincter contraction, tuck tail Panniculus – stimulate skin over dorsum just lateral to vertebral column – twitch of ______________m.

18. Patellar Reflex

19. Reflex examination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFqFABsIa 7Q&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFqFABsIa 7Q&feature=related

20. Pelvic Limb Withdrawal – Or Not

21. Panniculus Test

22. Palpebral reflex http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=neurol ogical+exam+in+dogs&hl=en&emb=0&aq=f# http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=neurol ogical+exam+in+dogs&hl=en&emb=0&aq=f#

23. Neuro Exam – Summary UMN vs LMN UMNLMN Muscle tone N or I D Spinal reflexes N or I D Motor fxn Spastic Flaccid Muscle atrophy Mild Severe disuse neuro Bladder Tense Flaccid

24. Neuro Exam – Cranial Nerves __________ II No menace II/VII Anisocoria II, III ________ of temporal V Muscles Dropped jaw V Nares, lip pinch, cornea V – Inside ear Lip/ear droop ______ No blink VII Head tilt ______

25. Neuro exam – Cranial Nerves Nystagmus VIII Deafness VIII Difficulty swallowing________ Loss of gag reflex IX, X Laryngeal paralysis IX, X Weakness, assymmetry_________ – Of tongue

26. Cranial nerve http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8f9- GPW9IE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8f9- GPW9IE&feature=related

27. The Nervous System And its associated diseases

28. Diseases of Brain: Trauma Dog skull and brain 2º Trauma: edema, hemorrhage 1º Trauma—Direct trauma to (↑ intracranial pressure) brain tissue

29. Brain Trauma Signs: – ______________ – Blood in eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity – Loss of consciousness or decrease in response to external stimuli – Shock, coma, altered respiratory patterns Dx – Hx of trauma (HBC, falling) – Chem. panel to rule out other metabolic diseases

30. Brain Trauma Treatment—aimed at reducing 2° effects (edema) – Osmotic agents: _________ (20-50%) IV slow bolus – Diuretics: Furosemide IV q4h – Anti-seizure Rx if needed:___________, Phenobarbital Client info – Some brain injury is irreversible – Dog in coma >___________ usually does not survive – Worsening neuro signs → bad prognosis

31. Idiopathic Vestibular Disease Signs – Loss of balance – Head tilt – ________________ – Disorientation – Ataxia – Vomiting/anorexia Signalment: Dogs (middle aged) and cats, acute Signalment: Dogs (middle aged) and cats, acute

32. IVD: NYSTAGMUS Click for video

33. Idiopathic Vestibular disease http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZccUdSH91zc&feature=PlayList&p=E1 3C63C661759E7C&playnext_from=PL&playnext=3&index=30 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y25T7dZ77T4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjwGY2vJk0E&feature=related

34. IVD: Ataxia Click for video

35. Idiopathic Vestibular Disease Dx – Clinical signs – Blood work to r/o other diseases of ____________ – Ear exam to r/o _______________ infection Rx – Treatment is not recommended; does not alter course of disease (antibiotics, steroids often given to cover possible causes not found by PE and lab work) – Clinical signs resolve in 3-6 wks

36. PEOPLE “The man who smiles in the face of trouble… Has found someone to blame it on.”