1. Cultural Differences Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculinity – Femininity
Individualism – Collectivism
Power Distance
Long vs. Short Term Orientation

2. Windham International Culture Model
3 Cultural Value Clusters reflecting 9 values
Time-Relationship Cluster
Power Cluster
Societal Interdependence Cluster

3. Time-Relationship Cluster
1. Time (the meaning of time)
high time cultures
low time cultures
monochronic cultures
polychronic cultures

4. Time-Relationship Cluster: continued
Relationships
Low relationship cultures
High relationship cultures
Communications
language
use of nonverbals
Low context cultures
High context cultures

5. Power Cluster Hierarchy High hierarchical cultures
Low hierarchical cultures
Status Attainment
High status achievement cultures
Low status achievement cultures
6. Space - proxemics

6. Proxemics Hall’s Interpersonal Distance Zones
Public Interaction beyond 12 feet
Social Interaction 4 ft – 12 ft
Personal Interaction ft – 4 ft
Intimate – 1.5 ft

7. Societal Interdependence Cluster
Group dependence
High group dependence cultures
Low group dependence cultures
Diversity receptivity
Change tolerance
Low change tolerance cultures
High change tolerance cultures

8. Types of Diversity Observable Attributes Ethnic background Gender Age
2. Unobservable Attributes
Education
Functional Background
Tenure in Organization
Socioeconomic Background
Values
Personality Characteristics

9. Patterns of Exchange for Minority Members
High
Low
Contributing Engagement
Exclusion Complementing
Quality of
Instrumental
Exchange
Low High
Quality of Social Exchange

10. Extent of Diversity in Organizations
Monolithic Organizations
Plural Organizations
Multicultural Organizations