1. Stress, Coping & Health

2. stress conceptualized in a variety of ways including
as a stimulus
as a response
as a “transaction” between the organism and the environment

3. Measuring Stressful Life Events
scale devised in 1967 (Holmes & Rahe)

4. Lazarus & Folkman’s Transactional Model
No Stress
Situation is perceived as harmless
Individual’s Perception of the Event
Primary Appraisal Individual determines the threat to his/her well-being
Stimulus Event
Situation is perceived as threatening
Secondary Appraisal Individual determines coping resources available and the likelihood that they can be successfully employed
Coping mechanisms adequate
Coping mechanisms inadequate
No Stress
Stress

5. General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm
“flight or fight response”
activation of sympathetic division of ANS
Resistance
Exhaustion

6. High Incidence of Illness
Stress and Illness
mediated by individual differences
Individual Differences
aspects of personality, physiology, memory, etc
(e.g., neuroticism)
High Incidence of Illness
High Stress

7. Type A Behaviour and Heart Disease
Type A personality
Type B personality

8. Type A Assessment
Do you find it difficult to restrain yourself from hurrying others’ speech (finishing their sentences for them)?
Do you often try to do more than one thing at a time (such as eat and read simultaneously)?
Do you often feel guilty if you use extra time to relax?
Do you tend to get involved in a great number of projects at once?
Do you find yourself racing through yellow lights when you drive?
Do you need to win in order to derive enjoyment from sports and games?
Do you generally move, walk, and eat rapidly?
Do you agree to take on too many responsibilities?
Do you detest waiting in lines?
Do you have an intense desire to better your position in life and impress others?

9. Moderators of Stress Coping Emotion Focused Coping
behavioural
cognitive
Problem-Focused Coping
planful problem solving
confrontive coping
Social Support

10. Pain and Pain Management

11. Biological Aspects of Pain
Gate Control Theory
thin fibers carry sharp-pain information
thick fibers convey dull-pain and touch information

12. Gate Control Theory Acupuncture

13. Biological Aspects of Pain
Endorphins
endogenous morphine
stress-reduced analgesia

14. Psychological Aspects of Pain
placebo effects
neuroticism

15. Health Promotion
AIDs Prevention

16. Substance Abuse aversion therapy Antabuse UCS (Drug in Alcohol)
UCR (Nausea)
CS (Alcohol)
CR (Nausea)

17. Harm Reduction Approaches
Marlatt et al., 1998
motivational interviewing