1. Shannon Slaughter St. Clair County High School Odenville, AL Shannon Slaughter St. Clair County High School Odenville, AL

2. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 1. New intellectual and religious movements. 2. Social reforms. 3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4. Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5. Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. 6. Increase in American nationalism. 7. Further westward expansion. 1. New intellectual and religious movements. 2. Social reforms. 3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4. Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5. Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. 6. Increase in American nationalism. 7. Further westward expansion.

3. “Manifest Destiny”  First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.  ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."  A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

4. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

5. The Pony Express  Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.  Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.  Took 10 days.  Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.  Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.  Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.  Took 10 days.  Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

6. Aroostook “War,” 1839  The only war ever declared by a state.  Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.  Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.  Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”  General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.  The only war ever declared by a state.  Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.  Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.  Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”  General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

7. Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

9. Americans Move to TEXAS  Stephen F. Austin was given a large land grant in Texas (which was a part of Mexico)… he encourages people to move West  Soil is being exhausted in the East because of overuse.  Plenty of land in Texas  Mexico was lax in governing the state  Rules were – Everyone must practice and convert to Catholicism NO SLAVES!!!  Santa Ana became leader of Mexico and decided to enforce the rules **** Texans REBELLED against Santa Ana under the leadership of SAM HOUSTON

10. Texas Declaration of Independence

11. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston (1793-1863) Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836)

12. Texas becomes a Nation  Texas fought Mexico for its INDEPENDENCE  Battle of the Alamo – Texans captured San Antonio in Dec. 1835 Col William Travis, Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie – Texan leaders Travis hated Bowie Mexicans under Santa Ana besieged the fort (though the Texans could’ve left for the first few days) Texas had not yet OFFICIALLY declared independence 200 Texans died / 600 Mexicans Cause many rebels to join the Texans cause Santa Ana allowed 2 women to escape because he wanted them to go warn the rest of the cities of how relentless the Mexican Army was Battle Cry became “REMEMBER THE ALAMO !!!”

13. Remember the Alamo!

14. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

15. The Battle of the Alamo

16. The Battle of San Jacinto  DECISIVE BATTLE  Houston – 1000 men vs. Santa Ana – 1400 men  900 Mexicans killed or wounded – 9 Texans killed  Santa Ana is kept as a prisoner of war and forced to sign a peace treaty that effectively gives TEXAS its’ INDEPENDENCE!!  Texas applies for statehood to the United States  Jackson denies them because he doesn’t want to open the slavery issue – GAG rule had been in effect for several years  Texas becomes an INDEPENDENT NATION – LONE STAR REPUBLIC  Sam Houston was President

17. The Republic of Texas

18. Election of 1844  James K. Polk – Democrat  Platform – settle Oregon question / admit Texas into US / annex California  Wins election over Henry Clay  MANDATE – What is it?  Texas admitted into US immediately – supported by Pres. John Tyler and a JOINT RESOLUTION  54* 40’ or FIGHT --US avoids war with Britain – establishes the boundary of Canada at 49 th parallel – Oregon Treaty -- 1846

19. Overland Immigration to the West  Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

20. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

21. Trails Westward

22. The Doomed Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847

23. The Doomed Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen  Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! CANNIBALISM ! ! CANNIBALISM ! !

24. The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!  By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.  The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

25. The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont The Revolt  June 14, 1845

27. The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845  Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.  US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.  US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.  US would buy California at any price.  Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.  US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.  US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.  US would buy California at any price. John Slidell

28. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA)

29. The Mexican War (1846-1848)

30. Anti-Catholic Feelings

31. General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

32. The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

33. Battle of Buena Vista (1847) General Winfield Scott

34. General Scott Enters Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

35. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

36. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

37. Results of the Mexican War?  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.

39. Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!  “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!  “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! WHY?

40. The 1848 Presidential Election Results √

41. The Mexican Cession

42. GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

43. California Gold Rush, 1849 49er’s

44. Digging for Gold in California

45. Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s  By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

46. Territorial Growth to 1853

47. Westward the Course of Empire Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

48. Expansionist Young America in the 1850s America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America