1. HVACR116 – Trade Skills Construction Sequence

2. Introduction Construction industry: o Employs about 15% of working people in the U.S. and Canada o More than 60% are involved in new construction Classifications of construction: o Residential o Commercial o Industrial o Civil

3. Introduction (cont’d.) Residential construction: o Single family homes o Small apartment buildings o Condominiums Figure 1–1(A). Residential construction.

4. Introduction (cont’d.) Commercial construction: o Office and apartment buildings o Hotels o Stores o Shopping centers o Other large buildings Figure 1–1(B). Commercial construction.

5. Introduction (cont’d.) Industrial construction: o Refineries o Paper mills o Structures other than buildings Figure 1–1(C). Industrial construction. Delta Energy Center, water treatment tanks and buildings in the foreground. Courtesy of Bechtel Corporation. Photographer: Terry Lowenthal. Used by permission.

6. Introduction (cont’d.) Civil construction: o Highways o Bridges o Airports o Dams Figure 1-1(D). Civil construction. At 726 feet, Hover Dam is the highest dam in the United States. Courtesy of Bechtel Corporation. Photographer: Ray Frayne. Used by permission.

7. The Design Process Owner: o Has definite ideas, but may not be an expert o Contracts the architect Architect: o Combines construction knowledge with artistic ability o Designs buildings for appearance

8. The Design Process (cont’d.) Architect (cont’d.): o Helps determine:  Space needed  Rooms needed  Building type  Cost o Makes sketches describing the building before preparing the final drawings.

9. The Design Process (cont’d.) Figure 1–2. Balloon sketch of Duplex.Figure 1–3. Straight line sketch of Duplex.

10. The Design Process (cont’d.) Before details are finalized, other professionals become involved o Building codes specify requirements  International Code Council publishes several model codes Figure 1-4. 2006 International Residential Code® for One- and Two-Family Dwellings

11. The Design Process (cont’d.) Local building code: o Often based on a model code. o Administered by local government building department  Reviews plans before construction  Inspects throughout construction Zoning laws: o Divides community into zones where only certain types of buildings are permitted

12. The Design Process (cont’d.) Building departments usually require specific procedures to be followed o Building permit  Notifies building department of planned construction o Certificate of occupancy  Issued when complete construction is approved

13. Starting Construction Financing: o Begins after deciding on final design o Most common form for a home is through a mortgage After financing is obtained, a contractor is hired o Responsible for overall project completion o Hires subcontractors to complete individual parts of the project

14. HVACR116 – Trade Skills Views of Drawings

15. Starting Construction (cont’d.) Figure 1–6. Design and construction team.

16. Isometric Drawings Vertical lines are drawn vertically Horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30° from horizontal Figure 2–1. Isometric of building.

17. Isometric Drawings (cont’d.) All lines on isometric axes are drawn in proportion to actual length o Tend to look out of proportion because we see objects appear smaller as they get farther away

18. Figure 2–2. Single-line plumbing isometric.

19. Figure 2–3. Sketching an isometric brick.

20. Figure 2–4. Variations on the isometric brick.

21. Oblique Drawings Used when an irregular shape is to be shown The most irregular surface is drawn in proportion o As though it were flat against the drawing surface Parallel lines are added to show depth

22. Oblique Drawings (cont’d.) Figure 2–5. Oblique drawing.

23. Orthographic Projection Imagine the object drawn inside a glass box o Corners and lines representing object edges are projected onto box sides o If box is unfolded, images projected onto its sides will be on a single plane, as on a sheet of paper o Each view of an object shows only one side

24. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) Figure 2–6. Duplex inside a glass box; method of orthographic projection of roof, front side, and end. Figure 2–7. Orthographic projection unfolded on a flat sheet of paper.

25. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) All surfaces parallel to plane of projection are shown in proportion to actual size and shape o Surfaces not parallel are not shown in proportion

26. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) Figure 2–8. Views of two shed roofs.

27. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) Construction drawings views: o Plan view shows layout of object viewed from above  Buildings floor layout and foundation o Elevation drawings show height  What would be seen standing in front of a house

28. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) Figure 2–9. Plan view.Figure 2–10. Building elevation.

29. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) Construction drawings views (cont’d.): o Section view shows what would be exposed if a cut were made through the object  Floor plan

30. Orthographic Projection (cont’d.) Figure 2–12. A floor plan is actually a section view of the building. (a) An imaginary cut is made at a level that passes through all windows and doors. (b) The floor plan shows what is left when the top is removed.