2. What happened on the road to unification 1859-71? (last lesson 1852-9) For the event I give you – mini whiteboard: Draw a picture/10 words. You will explain to everyone your event!  Pact of Plombieres 20 th July, 1858  War with Austria 1859  Battle Magenta/Solferino 4 th June 1859/ 24 th June 1859  Villa Franca 11 July, 1859  Plebiscites of Tuscany, Emilia, Savoy (to France), Nice March, 1860

3. By 1859, what areas had been annexed to Piedmont? MINI WHITEBOARDS  What areas had been annexed to Piedmont by 1859? H p65 and p68  Lombardy, Tuscany, Emilia (2 central duchies of Modena and Parma) and Romagna – see p66 H

4. What was the National Society? See p58 H  Why do the National Society want?  Therefore, why might Garibaldi and Cavour not see eye to eye about unification?

5. UNIFICATION PROCESS OVERIEW- COPY! STAGE 1Acquisition of Lombardy France and Italy go to War with Austria 1859. The Battles of Magenta and Solferino were particularly bloody. Napoleon calls for an armistice at Villa Franca but gives Lombardy to Piedmont. STAGE 2Acquisition of Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna Central states voted for annexation to Piedmont. Cavour persuades French to accept this by promising her Nice and Savoy. STAGE 3Acquisition of Sicily and Naples and Papal States Garibaldi defeated Neapolitan army in June 1860 with his ‘thousand’. Naples surrendered September 1860. He hands over conquests over to Piedmont and Victor Emmanuel II. March 1861‘The Kingdom of Italy’ is proclaimed STAGE 4Acquisition of Venetia and Rome Venetia added 1866 after Austro – Prussian war. Rome added 1870 as France was fighting against Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War.

6. Find out about how your region was joined to Italy. Stage 1:  Lombardy Stage2:  Tuscany, Emilia, Romagna – p66-8 H/p66-7A Stage 3 – Sicily and Naples:  p88-91 A/ p68-70 H and p72H for results of plebiscites. Stage 3: Papal States:  p91-3 A Stage 4:  Rome p94-96 A  Rome and Venetia p114-115 A  Who was responsible?  Key events?  How taken? Key dates?  EVIDENCE!!!!

7. Unification Presentations……  Make a presentation on your area. Then, unification will be really clear.  We will put the slides together on one PowerPoint and I’ll put it on the website for you to download and print.

9. How United was Italy by 1870? Objectives: Explore reasons why Italy was divided in 1870

10. Government: 1861 – Italy was a Constitutional Monarchy – not the republic Mazzini dreamt of, nor a federation under the Pope as Gioberti, Cavour and Napoleon III had proposed. The Constitution was based on Charles Albert’s Statuto of 1848. The sovereign body was the King in parliament and not the people as Mazzini hoped.

11. Unrepresentative? It was not a true democracy – but an unsatisfactory parliamentary democracy. Government was Piedmontese nobility and educated middle classes’ minority who formed the elite and an all male parliament. Electors were male, over 25 years, literate and tax paying (about 2% of population). Most were from Northern Italy, therefore parliament was well-to-do traditionally minded liberals and unrepresentative of masses.

12. Armies In the 1860s a Unified Italian army was formed out of armies of Piedmont, Naples, Central Italian states and Garibaldi’s ‘Army of the South’. Army was modernised and re-organised along Prussian lines. Navies of Piedmont and Naples amalgamated into single force but was not modernised until 1876.

13. Pope Lost Temporal Power but retained spiritual power – now outside of Italy. He resided in the Vatican but called himself a ‘prisoner’. He declared all Catholics who worked for new secular state would be excommunicated. The Church had always been a unifying element, but now many liberal minded Catholics who supported secular government but also wished to keep the faith found themselves in a difficult position. Over the next few decades Pope became even more hostile to Italian states.

14. North/South Divide First the new Northern government tried to ignore problems of uniting with South. When this didn’t work, it forced the Piedmontese style of government in the South. Very unsuitable as in Naples and Sicily the problems were not so much political, but social and economic. The majority of the population in the South were illiterate, lived in poverty and squalor and at near starvation.

15. Peasants Landowners continued to enclose land which left less land available for peasants = starvation. But government introduced higher taxation! The cost of living rose and the quality of peasants’ life even lower. With added problems of new (and confusing) legal systems and conscription – many left to hills of Naples and Sicily to avoid military service and lived as bandits instead. Many others joined the Mafia. Public opinion turned against landowners and against Victor Emmanuel II and Piedmont.

16. Law & Order break down. Peasants began migrating to towns to find work and often found nothing = turn to crime. In 1860s law and order in Sicily and Naples broke down. Bandits became bolder and rural discontent fuelled a revolution which turned to civil war – more people were killed than the total in the ‘Risorgimento’. The Piedmontese army of 100,000 men took 4 years to suppress from 1861-1865 Throughout the 1860s the North and South remained as far apart as ever.

17. Economic Integration – Customs & Laws Legal codes of individual states – formed into a single penal (criminal) code based on that of Piedmont (only Tuscany kept its code). In 1865 a single system of civil law similar to France’s code Napoleon was adapted. It allowed civil marriage, though divorce still illegal. Foreign policy, foreign ministry and diplomatic service all based on Piedmont. The standard of living fell throughout Italy. The King wanted to continue the war and therefore taxation was high and peasants struggled.