1. Chapter 10 Childhood Growth and Development
© Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development.
McGraw-Hill

2. Key Concept
Development During the Period of Childhood Is Marked by Steady, Incremental Changes in the Cognitive, Affective, and Motor Domains.

3. Early Childhood: Changes in Height/Weight (Figures 10.1-4)
Growth rate decelerates from earlier pace
- Birth length doubles by age 4 (1/2 as much gain as during first 2 yrs)
- Weight gain from age 2-5 is less than total of first 2 yrs
Slow but steady growth rate
- Height: 2 in (5.1cm) yearly to puberty
- Weight: 5 lbs (2.3kg) yearly
- Gender differences: minimal

4. Early Childhood (ages 2 to 6): Changes in Body Proportions
Chest becomes larger than abdomen
Stomach protrudes less
1st grader’s (6 yr olds) body looks like older child

5. Early Childhood: Changes in Brain/Neural/Sensory Growth
Brain growth (size 75% complete by age 3, 90% by age 6, midbrain complete at birth, cerebral cortex complete by age 4)
Neural growth (myelination complete by end of early childhood)
Eye growth (retina complete by age 6, eyeball size by 12, preschoolers tend to be farsighted)

6. Early Childhood: Changes in Brain/Neural/Sensory Growth
Ear growth (short eustachian tube, more ear infections)
Taste buds (greater number, increased sensitivity to sensitivity)

7. Early Childhood: Developmental Characteristics
Physical & motor development
Cognitive development
Affective development
Implications for developmental movement programs

8. Later Childhood (Ages 6-10): Changes in Height/Weight (Figures 10.1-10.4)
Slow steady gains in height & weight
Period of lengthening & filling out
Minimal changes in body build
Minimal sex differences in weight
Boys: longer arms, legs, & slightly taller than girls until puberty
Girls: larger hips & thighs than boys

9. Later Childhood: Changes in Brain/Neural/Sensory Growth
Slow brain growth (head broadens & lengthens at puberty)
Neural growth complete
Visual perceptual abilities refined

10. Later Childhood: Developmental Characteristics
Physical & motor development
Cognitive development
Affective development
Implications for the developmental movement program

11. Nutritional Factors Affecting Childhood Motor Development
Chronic malnutrition during first 4 yrs (severity, duration, timing & catch-up )
- Permanent lags
- The developing world (growth retardation. Rickets, pellagra, scurvy, kwashiorkor)
- The USA & other developed countries (anemia, & lags in motor milestones)

12. Exercise and Injury
Physical activity vs. Inactivity (muscle hypertrophy vs. atrophy)
- Too little (>fat mass, >muscle atrophy)
- Too much (epiphyseal injuries = growth plate damage, muscle & tissue injuries)
- Just right (>muscle development, >lean body mass, >bone mineralization, <decreased fat)

13. Classification of Physique
Sheldon method (body types: #s 1-7; 1=least & 7=most of a quality)
Extreme physique types
- Endomorph (rounded, 7-1-1)
- Mesomorph (muscular, 1-7-1)
- Ectomorph (angular, 1-1-7)
Typical
- males (3-4-4)
- females (5-3-3)

14. Illness, Climate, and Secular Trends
Illness (duration, severity, timing)
Climate (too many interactive effects to draw definitive conclusions)
Secular trends (nutrition is a key to both positive & negative generational changes)
- height (static in first world)
- weight (>body weight in USA)
- sexual maturation (<menarche in USA)

15. Concluding Concept
Age of Onset, Duration, and Severity Determine How a Variety of Physical Activity and Nutrition Factors Influence Later Development.