1. The Building of European Supremacy

2. 2 nd Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer- discovered a way to produce steel cheaply at large quantities. Henry Bessemer- discovered a way to produce steel cheaply at large quantities.

3. The Solway Process Allowed for the recovery of chemical byproducts. (sulfuric acid, soap) Allowed for the recovery of chemical byproducts. (sulfuric acid, soap) Plastics and dyes also developed. Plastics and dyes also developed.

4. Electricity 1 st public power plant in Britain in 1881. 1 st public power plant in Britain in 1881.

5. Gottlieb Daimler Invented the modern internal combustion engine. Invented the modern internal combustion engine.

6. Henry Ford Made the automobile accessible to the masses. Made the automobile accessible to the masses.

7. Economic difficulties Agriculture declined due to bad weather and foreign competition. Agriculture declined due to bad weather and foreign competition. Unemployment rose. Unemployment rose.

8. Petite Bourgeoisie Emerged The lower middle class (white collar workers). The lower middle class (white collar workers). Secretaries, clerks, lower-level govt officials. Secretaries, clerks, lower-level govt officials.

9. The New Paris Eiffel Tower built in 1889. Eiffel Tower built in 1889. Streets opened up. Streets opened up. Seine River, no longer an open sewer. Seine River, no longer an open sewer.

10. Development of Suburbs Costs within cities grew exponentially. Costs within cities grew exponentially. European suburbs consisted of apartment buildings or private houses closely packed together. European suburbs consisted of apartment buildings or private houses closely packed together.

13. Cholera Epidemic in 1830’s-1840’s. Epidemic in 1830’s-1840’s. Reason: pollution. Reason: pollution.

14. New Water and Sewer Systems Mortality rates dropped. Mortality rates dropped. Human excrement disposed. Human excrement disposed. Clean water free from bacteria. Clean water free from bacteria.

16. Public Health Informers Louis Pasteur- France Louis Pasteur- France Robert Koch- Germany Robert Koch- Germany Joseph Lister- Britain Joseph Lister- Britain