1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 8 The Unification of China Decline of Zhou Rise of Qin Triumph of Han

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Flash Cards Shi Huangdi terra cotta soldiers 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Flash Cards Han dynasty Silk Roads 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 PERIOD OF THE WARRING STATES Confucius Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE)  Master Philosopher Kong Aristocratic roots  Unwilling to compromise principles  Emphasized education, individual responsibility to state  Reinforced filial piety, patriarchy

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Confucius Teachings: Analects Later formed core of Chinese education Ethics and politics  Avoided religion, metaphysics Junzi: “superior individuals”  Role in government service 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Confucian Values  kindness, beneveloence Ren  propriety Li  filial piety Xiao  ideal leaders junzi

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Mencius (372-289 BCE) Principal Confucian scholar Optimist, belief in power of ren Not influential during lifetime  biggest promoter of Confucian thought

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 PERIOD OF WARRING STATES Daoism Founder: Laozi, 6 th c. BCE Critic of Confucianism  promoted passivism  rejected attempts to change course of events The Dao de jing (Classic of Way and of Virtue)

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 The Dao “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos)  Ex: “Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock”  Concept of yin & yang  Simple living in harmony with nature

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Political Implications of Daoism Confucianism as public doctrine Daoism as private pursuit Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Legalism Shang Yang (390-338 BCE)  The Book of the Lord Shang Emphasis on development of the state  Ruthless, end justifies the means Role of Law  Strict punishment for violators  Principle of collective responsibility

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Legalist Doctrine Two strengths of the state  Agriculture  Military Emphasized peasant & soldier classes Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Unification of China Qin dynasty developed  4 th -3 rd centuries BCE Generous land grants under Shang Yang  Increased centralization of power Improved military technology

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 The First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 BCE)  known as “First Emperor”  Dynasty ended in 207 BCE Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy Massive public works begun  Great Wall  Massive tomb complex

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 China under the Qin dynasty 221-207 BCE

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Qin Centralization Standardized:  Laws  Currencies  Weights and measures  Script Built roads, bridges

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Massive Tomb Projects Built by 700,000 workers Slaves, concubines, and craftsmen  were sacrificed and buried Excavated in 1974  15,000 terra cotta soldiers unearthed

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Tomb of the First Emperor

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Resistance to Qin Policies Emperor ordered execution of all critics  burned all ideological works 460 scholars buried alive  others exiled → Massive cultural losses Civil disorder caused collapse of Qin  207 BCE

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The Han Dynasty Liu Bang formed new dynasty: Han ► 206 BCE – 220 CE  Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE)  Later Han (25-220 CE)

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Early Han Policies Relaxed Qin tyranny Maintained strong central bureaucracy  w/regional control too Emphasized Confucian education & values

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Han Centralization ►Han Wudi (141-87 BCE)  The Martial Emperor increased taxes funded more public works increased demand for government officials

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Confucian Educational System Han Wudi  demanded educated class for bureaucracy  established Imperial University, 124 BCE assured competency of bureaucrats Adopted Confucianism as official course of study  3,000 students during Early Han  30,000 by end of Later Han  open to all classes of boys

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Han Imperial Expansion Invasions of Vietnam, Korea  Trung sisters Constant attacks from Nomads from Asia  Horsemen  Brutal Han Wudi briefly dominated nomads

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Han established Silk Roads Under Han Wudi Sent emmisaries Sought allies against nomads Sought market for silk 27

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 East and Central Asia under Han Wudi, c. 87 BCE

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Patriarchal Social Order Classic of Filial Piety  Subordination to elder males Admonitions for Women  Female virtues: Humility, obedience, subservience, loyalty

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Iron Metallurgy Expansion of iron work  Some tools made entirely from iron Increased food production Superior weaponry

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Other technological Developments Cultivation of silkworms  Breeding  Diet control Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms See silk thread production & weaving here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLb-tM0Xi4g

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Other technological Developments Development of paper  from wood See ancient Chinese paper production here:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXNFq1bUoT 8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXNFq1bUoT 8 32

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Population Growth in the Han Dynasty General prosperity Increased agricultural productivity Taxes small part of overall income

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Economic and Social Difficulties Expenses of military expeditions  esp. vs. Xiongnu (nomads) Taxes increased Property confiscations rose Increased gap between rich and poor  Slavery, tenant farming increase  Banditry, rebellion

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Reign of Wang Mang (9-23 CE) Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE  Took power himself. 9 CE Introduced massive reforms  The “socialist emperor”  Land redistribution but poorly handled Social chaos → ended in his assassination, 23 CE

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Later Han Dynasty Han emperors regained control Yellow Turban uprising  challenged land distribution problems Internal court conflicts Expensive border defense Weakened Han Dynasty  collapsed by 220 CE