1. Navigation

2. TASKS Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
Navigation Systems and ATC Radar Services
Diversion
Lost Procedures

3. Pilotage Flying from one visible landmark to another
When one landmark is reached, another more distant landmark should be selected

4. Pilotage Apply wind drift correction to maintain desired ground track
More difficult when areas lack prominent landmarks or under conditions of low visibility

5. Dead Reckoning
Navigating solely by means of computations based on true airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time
It is “deduced reckoning” hence the term

6. Navigation Systems
Know how to use all navigation systems in your airplane - VOR, ADF, LORAN, GPS
Determine and control ground track on the basis of navigation instrument indications

7. Navigation Systems Communicate with ATC facilities to
Participate in VFR radar traffic advisories
Terminal radar programs
Radar assistance to lost aircraft

8. Diversion Reasons for diversions Low fuel Bad weather
Pilot or passenger fatigue or illness
Airplane system or equipment malfunction

9. Diversion Procedures Confirm present position
Select alternate airport and estimate a heading to put you on course
Write down the time and turn to new heading

10. Diversion Draw a new course line
Refine your heading by pilotage and available navigation systems
Compute groundspeed, arrival time and fuel

11. Lost Procedures
5 Cs
Climb
Communicate
Confess
Comply
Conserve

12. Lost Procedures Maintain you original heading and look for landmarks
Identify the nearest concentration of landmarks
Use all available navigation systems and ask for help from any ATC or FSS facility

13. Lost Procedures
Plan a precautionary landing if weather conditions get worse or low on fuel

14. Navigation Time to station
Established inbound on a radial rotate the obs 10o to the left, turn the aircraft 10o to the right
Note the time and maintain heading until the cdi centers

15. Navigation Note the time
Time to the station is the same as the time to complete the 10o change of bearing

16. Time to station (min) Note the radial you are on
Turn 90o to the left or right
Note the time elapsed between bearings
60 x Min flown between bearing change Degrees of bearing change

17. Distance To station (NM)
TAS X Min. flown between bearing change
Degrees of bearing change

18. Fuel Required
Rate of fuel consumption x Min to station 60

19. Navigation
When a relative bearing doubles in a specific time, the time to the station is that time.