1. Presentation on Research Proposal by Harry Barnes-Dabban (Ghana Ports & Harbours Authority) PhD Researcher, Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University & Research The Netherlands Supervisors: Prof A.P.J. Mol & Prof. Kris van Koppen

2. Research Topic “Governing Environmental Flows from Shipping: West and Central African (WACAF) Ports and the Network Society”

3. Presentation Outline  Research Background  Research Problem  Research Objective  Research Question  Conceptual Framework  Research Methodology  Expected Results/Scientific Significance  Preliminary Conclusions

4. Research Background  Growing concern about threats to global environmental quality  Ports obliged to MEAs and IMO Conventions  WACAF ports and environmental flows from shipping – ship waste, ballast water, oil spill  Emerging innovative forms of steering as Eco- Ports under ESPO  WACAF ports operate as individual entities  WACAF Region requires coordinated environmental approaches

5. Research Problem  Ports crucial for WACAF economies  Export-led programmes means increased shipping with environmental challenges  Lack of capacity and ineffective enforcement of international conventions  Marpol 73/78, BWC ’04, OPRC ‘90 & Abidjan Convention ‘81  HOW CAN THEY COMPLY AND IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE?

6. Research Objective “to analyse the dynamics of local and global environmental strategies and the opportunities they present for regional forms of environmental steering and cooperation to improve environmental performance in WACAF ports”

7. Research Question “what are the actual and potential contributions that regional forms of environmental steering and cooperation can make in the linking of local and global strategies to improve environmental performance in WACAF ports?”

8. Conceptual Framework  Manuel Castells’ “Network and Flows Theory” in his work ‘Network Society’ (1996) Shift from ‘nation-states’ and ‘national societies’ to ‘networks and flows’ of capital, people, technology etc. Time-space organisation of social activities ‘space of flows’ and ‘space of places’

9. Figure 1 Local Environmental Strategies Global Environmental Strategies Port A Port C Port B Interface Local + Global Regional Environmental Co-operation

10. Figure 2 Global Environmental Strategies Local Environmental Strategies Regional Environmental Cooperation Improved Environmental Performance

11. Research Methodology  Case study of Ports of Abidjan, Douala, Lagos and Tema Ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam  Questionnaires and interviews  Literature review  Existing relevant data and documents available in ports, institutions and agencies

12. Expected Results/ Scientific Significance  Contribute to existing knowledge on port environmental governance  Identify what contributions regional forms of environmental steering/ cooperation can make to improve environmental performance in the WACAF region  Promote environmental awareness and support environmental improvement in WACAF ports

13. Preliminary Conclusions  WACAF ports exposed to a new reality  Environment at centre of global development agenda  Through networks of actors, WACAF ports can work together in managing environmental challenges  Environmental governance forms and practices are available

14. Thank you for your kind attention