1. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.)

2. A Conquest after Augustus? (FC.32)

3. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Trade with East?

4. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Rome’s neighbors? (FC.32)

5. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

6. FC.34A THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE GERMANIC THREAT (c.100-300 C.E.) Roman Empire’s frontiers border Germanic tribes in North (FC.33) Continuous attacks on Germanic tribes to keep Roman army busy & win emperors glory Incentive for Germanic tribes to unite in bigger confederations

7. FC.34A THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE GERMANIC THREAT (c.100-300 C.E.) Roman Empire’s frontiers border Germanic tribes in North (FC.33) Trade with richer Roman civ.  cultural, military & political imitation of Rome Continuous attacks on Germanic tribes to keep Roman army busy & win emperors glory Incentive for Germanic tribes to unite in bigger confederations Germanic tribes learn to unite in bigger confederations vs. Rome

8. FC.34A THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE GERMANIC THREAT (c.100-300 C.E.) Roman Empire’s frontiers border Germanic tribes in North (FC.33) Trade with richer Roman civ.  cultural, military & political imitation of Rome Continuous attacks on Germanic tribes to keep Roman army busy & win emperors glory Romans subsidize some tribes & turn them against others to keep them weak Incentive for Germanic tribes to unite in bigger confederations Germanic tribes learn to unite in bigger confederations vs. Rome Romans in effect give some Ger. leaders wealth to gain followers & power

9. FC.34A THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE GERMANIC THREAT (c.100-300 C.E.) Roman Empire’s frontiers border Germanic tribes in North (FC.33) Trade with richer Roman civ.  cultural, military & political imitation of Rome Continuous attacks on Germanic tribes to keep Roman army busy & win emperors glory Romans subsidize some tribes & turn them against others to keep them weak Keep their warriors busy Gain wealth  Reward their warriors & attract new ones to their standards Preempt Roman attacks Encouraged Germanic leaders to attack Rome in order to: Incentive for Germanic tribes to unite in bigger confederations Germanic tribes learn to unite in bigger confederations vs. Rome Romans in effect give some Ger. leaders wealth to gain followers & power Germanic tribes bordering Rome coalesce into three main peoples: Franks, Alemanni, & Goths Germanic confederations start to attack Rome’s N. frontiers in 160s (FC.34)

10. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic… Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

11. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

12. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy

13. Marcus Aurelius’ son, Commodus (180-192), liked to pose as Heracles wearing a lion skin and carrying a club. He preferred taking part in chariot racing and gladiatorial matches to the serious business of government. Fittingly, after a reign of terror, he was murdered by a wrestler.

14. Pertinax (1/1/193-3/28/193) a capable emperor whose strict discipline and economizing measures quickly got him murdered by the Praetorian Guard only 87 days after ascending the throne

15. Didius Julianus (3/28-6/1/193) a Roman millionaire to whom the Praetorian Guard auctioned off the imperial throne. His authority barely extended outside of Italy and, abandoned even by the Praetorian guard that had put him on the throne, he was murdered after a reign of 66 days in favor of a military revolt led by Septimius Severus

16. Septimius Severus (193-211) a capable emperor, but one whose annexation of the troubled lands in Mesopotamia and increasing militarization of the Empire through doubling the troops’ pay would help lead to the anarchy of the 3rd century. Although a capable ruler who brought peace to the empire, his reputation was somewhat tarnished by the bloody methods he used to gain and maintain control of the throne. His dying words to his sons were supposedly “Enrich the troops. Nothing else matters.”

17. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Empire desperately needs what? Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

18. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money One way to raise money supply? Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

19. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

20. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Impact of debasement? Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

21. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers’ reaction? Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

22. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Another reaction by soldiers? Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

23. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

24. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Meanwhile Ger. Tribes? Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

25. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Impact on Econ? New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

26. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors

28. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) What saved it? Near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)

29. A FC.34 DECLINE & NEAR COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (I60-284 C.E.) Series of strong military emperors who gradually restore empire (260-284) Emperor Diocletian makes major reforms to revive the exhausted empire (F.C. 35) Near collapse of the Roman Empire by 260 C.E. Inflation wrecks the economy Soldiers demand more money Empire needs more money Emperors raise taxes & debase coinage Soldiers get mad & declare their own generals emperor Abandon frontiers to put gen’ls on throne Germanic tribes & revived Persian Empire attack weakened frontiers Disease, revolts & wars wreck econ. New diseases spread by army Empire desperately needs money Few conquests after Augustus  Few new sources of money (FC.32) Army returning from East brings epidemic  Lower population & tax base Growing luxury trade w/East  Huge drain of $ from empire (FC.32) Incapable &/or corrupt rulers after 180 C.E.  Huge bonuses to keep army happy Growing threats from Ger. tribes to N. & Sassanid Persians to East  Emp. needs bigger army (FC.32)