1. Solar System: ground-based Inner solar system Mars Outer solar system –Dynamics of planetary atmospheres –Structure, dynamics and formation outer solar system Many possibilities for synergy –Spacecraft: high-resolution snapshot in time; medium resolution spectroscopy unhindered by atmosphere –Ground: long term monitoring of entire planet; high resolution spectroscopy in atmospheric windows Ewine van Dishoeck, ESO-ESA coordination meeting, Septemer 15 2003, Garching

2. I. Inner solar system Limited ground-based observations possible, but some unique cases, e.g.: Sun –Structure and dynamics of chromosphere => heating processes ALMA submillimeter continuum monitoring ALMA submm recombination lines of corona => magnetic field through Zeeman effect Moon, Mercury, Near-Earth Asteroids, Mars –Characterizing the (near-) surface thermal and electrical properties and texture, including polar ice caps ALMA (sub)millimeter continuum maps; radar of NEA Synergy with SMART-1, Bepi-Colombo

3. Inner solar system (cont’d) Venus –Dynamics of middle atmosphere (70-110 km): direct wind measurements ALMA CO lines at high spatial and spectral resolution “snapshots of atmospheric circulation” –Chemistry of Venus atmosphere ALMA HCl, H 2 S, SO 2 –Synergy with Venus Express?

4. II. Mars Three dimensional water cycle of Mars –ALMA HDO monitoring Dynamics of middle atmosphere (30-70 km): direct wind measurements –ALMA CO lines at high spatial and spectral resolution “snapshots of atmospheric circulation” Chemistry of Mars atmosphere: testing photochemical models –ALMA O 3, NO, H 2 O 2 Synergy with Mars missions, e.g. Mars Express, Beagle 2; Herschel

5. Water on Mars HDO : ALMA 1.3 mm H 2 O 557 GHz: Herschel

6. III. Outer Solar System: Dynamics of Planetary Atmospheres How do giant planet atmospheres work? E.g. –Storms on Jupiter and Saturn –Uranus global change –Titan atmosphere –Cometary impacts/accretion of planetesimals; origin of external water –Reference for exo-planetary atmospheres studies Do minor bodies have atmospheres? If so, composition? –Triton, Pluto, TNO => - Direct wind measurements: ALMA, VLT - Composition: trace species probing key processes, e.g. H 3 + VLT; HCN, HDO, minor species: ALMA - Synergy with Cassini/Huygens, Herschel

7. Volcanism on Io 4.8  m ground image ~ OWL resolution at 4.8  m OWL resolution, Vis Prometheus

8. Structure, dynamics and history Solar System Kuiper Belt Objects: remnants of the Sun’s circumstellar disk (putting our solar system in context) –Large asteroids => planets (Pluto, Quaoar, Charon, …): how many? mass? origin? –Mapping orbital dynamics of KBO’s (Plutinos/captured, Scattered disk, Cubewanos/classical, …): clearing of small bodies in planetary system –Origin planetary moons: circumplanetary disk or captured? –Composition surfaces KBO’s: origin? processing? source of H 2 O and organics on Earth and Mars VST/VLT: finding KBO’s, near-IR spectroscopy in reflected light ALMA: thermal emission => albedo VLTI/OWL: sizes, masses largest KBO’s JWST: near- and mid-IR spectroscopy (reflected, thermal)

9. Minor planets in solar system Size Quaoar resolved from space but also measured from mm Bertoldi et al. 2002

10. Comets Origin solar system: probing the most pristine material Formation zone comets: inner vs. outer solar system? Scattered? Relation with circumstellar disk material? - ALMA: composition parent gases, dynamics of coma: mm spectroscopy at high angular (down to 10 km) and velocity (<0.1 km/s) resolution - VLT: composition gases and solids: near-IR, mid-IR spectroscopy; preparatory studies comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Rosetta: detailed in-situ study of one comet - JWST: near- and mid-IR spectroscopy of distant comets: silicates, H 2 O, CO 2, - Herschel: mm spectroscopy of comets: H 2 O

11. Cometary spectra Crovisier 2000

12. H 2 O in comets ALMA: HDO imaging at high spatial resolution (~10 km) => HDO/H 2 O VLT: HDO 3.7  m fluorescence Herschel: H 2 O 557 GHz line monitoring, far-IR lines JWST: H 2 O near-IR, mid-IR: ortho/para ratio => formation T ISO-SWS Crovisier et al.

13. Organics in comets IR: CH 3 OH, C 2 H 6, OH, CH 4, … VLT-CRIRES, VISIR; JWST Mm: many minor species ALMA, Herschel Mumma et Al. 2001 Bockelee-Morvan et al. 2000