1. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Chapter 16 The Birth of Modern European Thought Chapter 16 The Birth of Modern European Thought

2. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Darwin’s theories about the evolution of humankind from the higher primates aroused enormous controversy. This caricature shows him with a monkey’s body holding a mirror to an apelike creature. National History Museum, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library

3. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Advances in Reading and Primary Education 1850: Only 50% of Western Europeans were literate. By 1900: 85% literacy rates in Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, and Scandinavia; far lower rates in Italy, Spain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkans Liberals and conservatives call for more primary education and literacy

4. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Public education became widespread in Europe during the second half of the nineteenth century and women came to dominate the profession of school teaching, especially at the elementary level. This 1905 photograph shows English schoolchildren going through morning drills. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

5. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Reading Material Number of newspapers, books, magazines, mail-order catalogs, and libraries grow rapidly. Ad and journalism industries. Sometimes the publications were mediocre, catering to sensationalism, scandal, and pornography. Still, new reading materials led to a popularization of knowledge.

6. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved The interior of the projectile launched to the moon is shown in this illustration from an early edition of From the Earth to the Moon. The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved

7. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Science at Midcentury Word “scientist” was first coined in 1830s, now in regular use. Popularized science fiction novels Auguste Comte: French philosopher Developed positivism - a philosophy of human intellectual development based on science. Science is the final (or “positive”) stage of human intellectual development. It involves exact descriptions of phenomena, without use of unobservable principles such as gods or spirits. Considered “father” of modern sociology.

8. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Auguste Comte (cont.) Wrote The Positive Philosophy in which he argued human thought has three stages: (1) Theological – physical nature explained by divinity. (2) Metaphysical – abstract principles explained by powerful forces of nature. (3) Positive – explanations of nature become matters of exact description of phenomena.

9. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – first modern European thinker to develop a comprehensive theory of evolutionary change. Geological forms change over time, and living organisms must adapt to their environments. Therefore, organisms change. Charles Lyell, who developed the theory of “uniformitarianism”: Natural laws that govern universe have always done so; they are the same across time and space. Time and space are fluid and change gradually.

10. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Evolution (cont.) In On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin formulates principle of natural selection, which explained how species evolved over time. Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, Darwin comes up with natural selection – principle of “survival of the fittest”. Theory undermines deistic argument for the existence of God. In Descent of Man, Darwin applies principle of evolution to human beings. Highly controversial, and not taken too seriously until study of genetics/DNA in 1920s and 30s.

11. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Science and Ethics Herbert Spencer – British philosopher who believed in Social Darwinism, whereby society progresses through competition, where the strong defeat the weak. Protecting the “weakest link” actually hurts human race. Used to argue against aiding the poor, working class, and justify domination of colonial peoples. (“Might makes right”) Thomas Henry Huxley – strongly supported Darwin, but opposed Spencer; declared the physical process of evolution was at odds with human ethical development.

12. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Racism was often a by-product of Social Darwinist theory. At the turn of the twentieth century, racism permeated many facets of popular life. This ad for Pears’ Soap caters to the racist attitudes held by many whites during this time. Library of Congress/Colliers, October 4, 1899

13. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Christianity Under Siege / Intellectual Skepticism History – writers question the historical accuracy of the Bible, citing no genuine historical evidence. Science – Darwin and other scientists doubt the story of Creation, citing that the Earth is much older than the Bible. Morality Liberal intellectuals question the cruelty and sacrifices mentioned in the Bible. Friedrich Nietzsche – felt Christianity glorified weakness, rather than strength. Movement towards secularism.

14. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Intellectual Skepticism Questioning of historical validity of the Bible caused more people to lose Christian faith than anything else. Christian morality was questioned. Friedrich Nietzche, German philosopher: “War and courage have accomplished more great things than love of neighbor ever has.”

15. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Conflict Between Church and State Great Britain – churches opposed improvements in government schools because it raised the costs of church schools; Education Act of 1902 – provided state support for religious and non-religious schools. France – public schools expanded, religious teachings replaced by civic training, and church and state were finally separated in 1905 in schools.

16. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Conflict Between Church and State (cont.) Germany Education secularized in 1870-1871 under Bismarck. This was more political than religious. “May Laws” of 1873 – require priests to be educated in German schools and pass state examinations. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf (“cultural struggle”) provokes Catholic resentment against the German state.

17. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Religious Revival Church revivals occur in Britain, Ireland, and France. Cult of the miracle at Lourdes grows. Why do instances of religious revival occur when religion is under attack?

18. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Late 19th Century and the Roman Catholic Church Pope Pius IX after Italian unification turns from liberal to conservative, issuing Syllabus of Errors – sets Catholic Church against science, philosophy, and politics. Papal infallibility – pope is incapable of error on the issues of faith and morals. Pope Leo XIII – Pius’ successor, moderate who defended religious education and religious control of marriage but also wanted a corporate society based on moral religious principles rather than socialist or capitalist ideals (Rerum Novarum- 1891). Pius X – rejected modernism and required all priests to take an anti-Modernist oath.

19. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved This 1873 wood engraving shows pilgrims who have arrived in a train station near Lourdes, and are preparing to proceed to their destination on foot. The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved

20. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Late 19th Century and Islam Same thinkers who critiqued Christianity applied ideas to Islam and the Qu’ran. Anti-Islamic thought: Islam considered to be a religion incapable of developing scientific ideas. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani: Islam is 600 years younger than Christianity; it will soon produce cultures similar to Christianity. Europeans championed the superiority of the white race and Christianity. Eventually some Christian missionaries become more sympathetic to Muslims.

21. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Late 19 th Century and Islam Some wanted to combine Islam with modern science: The Salafi movement- science should be studied and recognized, and the Qu’ran should be read and interpreted rationally. Its effects are still being felt today.

22. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Science Toward the 20th Century – the Physics Revolution Few scientists believed they could portray the “truth” about physical reality, instead offering hypotheses or symbolic models of nature. X-rays and radiation – major steps in the study of the atom and radioactive materials. Challenged the idea of “completeness” of knowledge forever.

23. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Science Toward the 20th Century – the Physics Revolution (cont.) Max Planck – quantum theory of energy – energy is a series of discrete quantities rather than a continuous stream. Albert Einstein – theory of relativity – time and space do not exist separately, but rather as a combined continuum, which cannot be measured in absolute terms. Challenged religious knowledge of the universe.

24. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Science Toward the 20th Century – the Physics Revolution (cont.) Werner Heisenberg – uncertainty principle – behavior of subatomic particles is a matter of statistical probability rather than exactly determinable cause and effect. Encourages governments to fund more scientific research- not just for the sake of knowledge, but for economic progress, national security, and public health.

25. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Marie Skłodowska Curie (1869–1934) and Pierre Curie (1859– 1906) were two of the most important figures in the advance of physics and chemistry. Skłodowska Curie was born in Warsaw (Russian Poland) but worked in France for most of her life. She is credited with the discovery of radium, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. The Granger Collection, New York

26. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Realist and Naturalist Literature of Early 20th Century Realist and naturalist writers brought scientific objectivity and observation to their work, portraying the hypocrisy and brutality of the bourgeois life. Harsh realities of life. Rejected romantic views of nature, the poor, love, and the dark side of humanity. Dreary life; no certainty for a happy end. Famous early realist writers included Charles Dickens, Honore de Balzac, and George Eliot.

27. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Realist and Naturalist Literature of Early 20th Century (cont.) Gustave Flaubert and Emile Zola Flaubert in Madame Bovary (1857) describes colorless and hapless search for love by a woman. First “realistic” novel. Zola wrote of alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, and labor strife. Wanted to point out hypocrisies of “polite society”. Experimental stream of consciousness- shows characters’ psychological drives. Panned by critics, but had many fans.

28. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Realist and Naturalist Literature of Early 20th Century (cont.) Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw Ibsen in his works strips away the illusory mask of middle-class morality. His play A Doll’s House is one of the most performed plays in the world, even today. Attacked the Cult of Domesticity Shaw defended Ibsen and wrote against romanticism and false respectability. Member of the Fabian Society Challenged ideals of love, war, nationalism, broke taboos, challenged Christianity.

29. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Modernism in Literature of Early 20th Century Modernism – critical of middle class society, but more concerned with beauty than social issues. Touched all the arts (multi-faceted). Keynesian economics – John Maynard Keynes claimed governments spent their way out of depressions by running deficits to encourage employment and the production of goods.

30. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Modernism in Literature of Early 20th Century (cont.) Bloomsbury Group: British intellectuals Famous modernist writers: Virginia Woolf – portrayed individuals seeking to make their way in a world with most 19th century social and moral certainties removed. Thomas Mann – explored social experience of middle-class Germans. James Joyce – wrote famous novel, Ulysses (1922)- a modern take on Homer’s The Odyssey.

31. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Marcel Proust’s multivolume In Search of Time Past (A la Recherche du Temps Perdu), which was published between 1913 and 1927, was one of the most significant modernist novels. © Bettmann/CORBIS

32. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Modern Art Impressionism Concentrated on modern life, using light, color, and the momentary, largely unfocused visual experience of the social landscape. Lack of religious, historical, or mythological themes. Famous impressionists included Edward Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas

33. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Modern Art (cont.) Post-Impressionism Form and structure, rather than the impression of the movement, marked these works. Rejected limitations of impressionism. Real-life subject matter, thick paint, texture, unnatural color and distortion for creative expression. Famous post-impressionists included Georges Seurat, Paul Cezanne, Vincent Van Gogh, and Paul Gauguin

34. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Modern Art (cont.) Cubism Instead of painting as a window to the real world, painting was an autonomous realm of art itself with no purpose beyond itself. Two-dimensional, geometric shapes, voids. Non-imitative and radical. Famous cubists were Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.

35. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Édouard Manet (1832–1883), A Bar at the Folies- Bergère, 1882. Oil on canvas, 96 × 130 cm./Peter Barritt/SuperStock/Alamy

36. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved The Folies-Bergére today, Paris:

37. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–1886. Oil on canvas. 81 3/4 × 121 1/4 in. (2.07 × 3.08 m). Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection. 1926.224. Reproduction, The Art Institute of Chicago. Photograph ©, The Art Institute of Chicago—All rights reserved

38. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Georges Braque, Violin and Palette 1909–1910. Autumn 1909. Oil on canvas. 91.7 × 42.8 cm (36 1/8 × 16 7/8 inches). Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, 54.1412. Photograph by Lee B. Ewing © The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. © 2004 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris

39. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved

40. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved

41. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Friedrich Nietzsche Very controversial and misunderstood philosopher Questioned rational thinking, Christianity, democracy, nationalism, science, and progress. Are we trying to be too rational? Don’t ecstasy, instinct, and emotion play a positive role in humans too? In The Birth of Tragedy (1872), he argued the non-rational aspects of human nature are as noble as rational characteristics. Democracy and Christianity create masses of “sheep”. (Nietzche was atheist)

42. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Friedrich Nietzsche (cont.) Declared the “death of God” and birth of a “SuperMan”. Critical of racism and anti-Semitism. Sought the heroism he saw in the Greek Homeric age. Appealed to feelings and emotions in questioning rationalism. Morals are man-made constructs. Therefore we can create new ones that glorify greatness, pride, assertiveness, strength.

43. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Psychoanalysis – Freud and Jung Sigmund Freud’s early theories Early studies were on psychic disorders. Theorized that human beings are sexual from birth through adulthood. Psychosexual Development Theory Sexuality is one of the bases of mental order and disorder. Freud and dreams – argued that unconscious drives and desires contribute to conscious behavior.

44. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Psychoanalysis – Freud and Jung (cont.) Freud’s later thought – internal mind is based on the struggle of three entities: Id – amoral, irrational, driving instincts of sexual gratification Superego – the external moral imperatives and expectations imposed on the personality by society and culture Ego – mediates the impulses of the id with the morals of the superego

45. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Psychoanalysis – Freud and Jung (cont.) Carl Jung – Freud’s student who departs from his teacher’s theories and believes collective memories along with personal experience constitute a human being’s soul; saw value in religion. Belief in the collective unconscious: a “storehouse” of memories that have been collected by all humans, which connect all of us in the “human experience”.

46. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved In 1909 Freud and his then-devoted disciple Carl Jung visited Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, during Freud’s only trip to the United States. Here Freud sits on the right holding a cane. Jung is sitting on the far left. Archives of the History of American Psychology—The University of Akron. Courtesy Clark University, Special Collections

47. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Retreat from Rationalism in Politics Max Weber A founding father of sociology Saw bureaucratization as the basic feature of modern social life People develop their own self-worth from large organizations; we all have a role in society. We derive our sense of self-worth from that role.

48. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Retreat from Rationalism in Politics Collective Behavior – the belief in the necessity of collectively shared ideals in society; proponents of this theory differed from Weber. Study activity of crowds, mobs, groups. We don’t pursue rational goals, but are led to action by collective thinking. What role does this play in politics?

49. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Racism The pseudoscientific theory that biological features of race determine human character and worth. Count Arthur de Gobineau – in his four volume Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1854), argued the white Aryan race was being weakened by inferior yellow and black races through intermarriage.

50. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Racism (cont.) Houston Stuart Chamberlain – anti-Semite who believed through genetics a superior race could be developed. Late-century nationalism – nationality defined itself through race and blood; opposed the ideas of liberalism and socialism; contributed to racism throughout Europe and North America against African and Native-Americans.

51. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Anti-Semitism and Zionism Anti-Semitism seen in Vienna with the Christian Socialist Party, in Germany with the ultraconservative chaplain Adolf Stoecker, and the Dreyfus affair in France Zionist movement – the movement to found a separate Jewish state led by Theodor Herzl; Herzl’s ideas eventually lead to the birth of the state of Israel

52. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved The Dreyfus Affair How did a case of anti-Semitism in the French military turn into one of the biggest political scandals of all time? Most divisive event in French history since the Paris Commune. 1896: Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish Captain in French army, was accused of selling secrets to the German army. Found guilty and sent to Devil’s Island prison.

53. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Photographs of Alfred Dreyfus taken in January 1895, after his sentencing to life imprisonment for treason in 1894. The photograph shows him in uniform, but stripped of all the signs and insignia of his rank. The trial and conviction of Captain Dreyfus provoked the most serious crisis of the Third Republic. Rue des Archives/The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved

54. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Public degradation of Captain Dreyfus

55. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Dreyfus’ prison for 5 years on Devil’s Island

56. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved The Dreyfus Affair Weak evidence, and secrets continued to leak to Germans even after his imprisonment. Evidence of forgery of documents; clearly a military cover-up in which Dreyfus was implicated because he was Jewish. Emile Zola, French realist novelist, publishes harsh letter (J’Accuse!) accusing French army personnel of corruption. Charged with libel; flees to England

57. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved

58. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved The Dreyfus Affair In 1898 (same year as J’Accuse! Letter) the real guilty parties were discovered… then acquitted of all charges, while Dreyfus remained in prison. Liberals, radicals, and socialists allied together against conservative forces (military, Church, and conservative politicians) who were anti-Dreyfus. Really more of a political tool. Dreyfus was finally released in 1899 and fully pardoned in 1906. Went on to serve France in WWI.

59. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Emile Zola of France was the master of the realistic novel. Oil on canvas, 146.5 × 114 cm. Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, Inc.

60. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Theodor Herzl and Zionism Jews will never be safe in Europe- not even in liberal states. Jews must have their own state outside of Europe. It would maintain liberal and socialist ideals. After WWII, the state of Israel would be founded in Palestine in 1948. This remains one of the most divisive and controversial issues in global politics today.

61. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Theodor Herzl’s visions of a Jewish state would eventually lead to the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

62. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought Famous intellectuals Charles Darwin, T.H. Huxley, Karl Vogt, Sigmund Freud, Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Herbert Spencer all believed women were born inferior to men. Freud: Women are “incomplete men”, which is why they are so unhappy and mentally inferior. (Aristotle also believed this.) Distinguished women psychoanalysts Karen Horney and Melanie Klein challenged especially Freud’s view on women that they would be mothers destined to lead unhappy mental lives.

63. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Revived Misogyny in Art Fear/hatred of women. Edvard Munch: Vampire, 1895. Norway.

64. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Gustave Moreau, Salomé Dancing Before Herod, 1876.

65. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved New Feminism – Sexual Morality Feminists were outraged by Contagious Diseases Act (1864), which in Britain gave the police permission to force women to undergo examinations for venereal diseases (act was repealed in 1886). Prostitutes treated as criminals, rather than victims of poverty and oppression. Women don’t CAUSE prostitution. Women’s bodies under control of male customers, male doctors, male police. Austrian feminists combated the government regulation of prostitution.

66. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved New Feminism – Sexual Morality (cont.) In Germany, feminists form Mothers’ Protection League, which contended that both married and unmarried mothers required the help of the state for pregnancy and child care. Sweden: Ellen Key, The Century of the Child. Governments should help all mothers. Wider sexual freedom would benefit all.

67. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved New Feminism – Women Defining Their Own Lives Some women became active in socialist circles. Virginia Woolf – wrote A Room of One’s Own (1929) – argued that women should have “their own room” and income. All good writers must know how to think like both men and women. World War I – feminism becomes grouped with sexual immorality and extreme political radicalism, leading to repression by such leaders as Hitler, Lenin and Stalin.

68. The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education All Rights Reserved Virginia Woolf charted the changing sentiments of a world with most of the nineteenth-century social and moral certainties removed. In A Room of One’s Own, quoted in the document selection on p. 778, she also challenged some of the accepted notions of feminist thought, asking whether women writers should bring to their work any separate qualities they possessed as women, and concluding that men and women writers should strive to share each other’s sensibilities. George C. Beresford/Hulton Archive/Getty Images