1. Ronan Point Collapse Group 1: Gareth Nolan James O’Brien Jennie Quigley Laura Woodbyrne

3. Background Housing destroyed by 2 nd World War Development of prefabricated construction techniques Therefore high-rise apartment buildings:  Large numbers of people  Save land  Constructed quickly  Affordable

4. The Building Clever Road, East London 22 storeys high Total of 110 apartments Consisted of both one and two bed Cost £500,000 to build

5. The Structure Construction began on July 25 1966, completed March 11 1968 (less than 2 yrs to build) Larsen – Nielsen method of construction Developed in Denmark in 1948 Walls, floors & stairways all pre-cast Slotted into place and connected on site Minimise amount of on-site construction work Each floor was load bearing and supported the floor above.

6. The collapse 5.45a.m May 16 th 1968 Apartment 90 on the 18 th floor Struck a match to light gas stove Explosion due to a gas leak resulting from a substandard brass nut Magnitude of explosion very minor, (<70kPa) should not have led to such a collapse

7. Apartment 90 on the 18 th floor

8. Force of explosion knocked out the opposite corner walls of apartment These walls were sole support for walls directly above. Chain reaction All these floors collapsed onto floor 18 which was unable to take the extra weight. Floor 18 then collapsed onto floor 17, which fell on floor 16 and so on to ground level.

9. Floor plan of the apartments: Collapse sheared of the living room and kitchen portion of the apartments, leaving bedrooms intact

10. 4 People died & 17 were injured. The reason for such low fatalities was that almost all residents were asleep in their bedrooms. All of the fatalities occurred in apartments 17-22, where the bedrooms also collapsed.

11. Cause of collapse Lack of structural redundancy No fail safe mechanisms No alternative load paths to support upper floors should lower floors collapse Building codes not kept up to date Poor workmanship

12. After the collapse Reinforced with blast angles Continuing public concerns Demolished in May 1986, only 18 years after completion Life expectancy of 60 years.

13. Effect on building regulations Initiated changes to the regulation codes Must now account for progressive collapse Also consider forces from an internal explosion Minimum amount of ductility and redundancy to be factored into design