1. AIS Chapter 15 perceptual-cognitive and perceptual-motor contributions to elite performance

2. Anticipating movement and measurement
Crucial in ball sports, combat sports
Require predetermined sequence of skill execution
Temporal occlusion measurement approach
Competition situations filmed and selectively edited to provide different amounts of information
Participants required to predict the opponent’s action
The point of significant change in prediction accuracy 
Elite players pick up predictive movement pattern info from earlier time-windows than sub-elite players

3. Temporal occlusion measurement

4. Anticipating movement and measurement
Visual search measurement
Record eye movements to real/similar competitions
Most informative features of opponent’s action that may be used for anticipatory purposes
Visual search pattern
Small difference between elite and sub-elite players, can not alone explain information processing difference

5. Anticipating movement and measurement
Reactive agility measurement
Respond to near life-size video image of competitions
Agility time, decision making time
Slower than planned agility test
Significant difference in decision-making time between elite and sub-elite players
Elite: -149 ms
Sub-elite 22 ms

6. Recognizing typical patterns of play
Sport-specific tests of pattern recognition and recall
View a film of typical competition pattern
Recall attach/defense situation in blank template
Elite players recall better
More sophisticated domain-specific knowledge structures, chunks (一團, 一組)
Stored and retrieved efficiently from long-term memory
Advantage in anticipation and decision-making
Link between anticipation and pattern recall still unclear

8. Decision-making skills
How an athlete elects to use the perceptual information picked up in the environment, to select a response option
Usually measured by film occlusion techniques, using game-specific videos
Measure eye movement patterns
Elite athletes more efficient visual search strategy, few fixations, shorter duration in specific areas
Focus on key defender and ‘free’ space
↑Eye fixation, ↓duration of each fixation in more complex situations

10. Elite athletes have superior generic visual ability?
Elite athletes may have better dynamic visual acuity, wider visual field, superior recognition of peripheral targets
Differences are SMALL
NOT contribute to prediction of expertise
Expert and novice athletes are not characterized by differences in basic visual function

11. 訊息處理理論基礎

12. 反應時間定義

13. Capacity to dual task
Capacity to execute primary skills more proficiently
Important, but difficult to measure
Athletes required to simultaneously process many information WHILE executing the skills
Dual-task test
Primary task for which attention demand is assessed, usually core skill of the sport
Secondary task for which the performance changes are measured
Example: 2 vs 2 decision making (primary) and single-choice vocal reaction time test (secondary)

14. Capacity to dual task
Elite athletes perform better in dual-task test, even though similar performance in single-task
Automated the control of primary skill
Has spare attentional capacity to devote to secondary task

16. Conclusions
Pattern recall, decision-making , reaction time and pass accuracy in dual-task, are strong predictors of elite netball players
Task representativeness: test protocol closely represent the real competitions
Non-specific tasks reduce or completely remove elite athletes advantage