1. EVALUATING MILGRAM´S STUDIES Miligram observed participants sweat, sttuter, tremble, groan, bite their lips, and dig their fingernails into their flesh. He argued that his debriefing of the participants after the experiment prevented any lasting harm. Miligram observed participants sweat, sttuter, tremble, groan, bite their lips, and dig their fingernails into their flesh. He argued that his debriefing of the participants after the experiment prevented any lasting harm.

2. Aggression: It's an action intended to harm another person. There is less aggression among married couples, but not much less. It's an action intended to harm another person. There is less aggression among married couples, but not much less. Freud said that aggression is an instinctive biological urge that gradually builds up in everyone and must some point be realized Freud said that aggression is an instinctive biological urge that gradually builds up in everyone and must some point be realized

3. Why are people aggressive? Freud and evolutionary theories seem to be simplistic to fully account for human aggressiveness, however. Freud and evolutionary theories seem to be simplistic to fully account for human aggressiveness, however. The evidence for hereditary influences on aggression is strong specially in animals. The evidence for hereditary influences on aggression is strong specially in animals. Hormones also play an important role in aggression. One possibility is that aggression is related to one´s levels of testosterone, the masculine hormone that is present in both sexes Hormones also play an important role in aggression. One possibility is that aggression is related to one´s levels of testosterone, the masculine hormone that is present in both sexes People learn many aggressive responses by watching others People learn many aggressive responses by watching others

4. When are people aggressive? People are more likely to be aggressive when they are both physiological aroused and experiencing strong emotions such as anger. People are more likely to be aggressive when they are both physiological aroused and experiencing strong emotions such as anger.

5. Frustration aggression hypothesis was originally developed by John Dollard and colleagues. They proposed that frustration always results aggression and, conversely, that aggression will not occur unless a person is frustrated. was originally developed by John Dollard and colleagues. They proposed that frustration always results aggression and, conversely, that aggression will not occur unless a person is frustrated.

6. Generalized arousal Apparently, the arousal from the exercise made aggression more likely; the insult released it. The Aggression occurs not merely as a function of internal impulses or particular situations but as a result of the interaction of individual characteristics and particular environmental circumstances. Apparently, the arousal from the exercise made aggression more likely; the insult released it. The Aggression occurs not merely as a function of internal impulses or particular situations but as a result of the interaction of individual characteristics and particular environmental circumstances.

7. Enviromental influences on aggression The link between Phychological arousal and the likehood of aggressive behavior points to the possibility is one of the research topics in environmental psychology. The link between Phychological arousal and the likehood of aggressive behavior points to the possibility is one of the research topics in environmental psychology.

8. ALTRUISM AND HELPING BEHAVIOR Helping behavior is defined as any act that is intended to benefit another person. Helping can range from picking up dropped packages to donated a kidney Helping behavior is defined as any act that is intended to benefit another person. Helping can range from picking up dropped packages to donated a kidney Altruism; an unselfish concern for another's welfare. Altruism; an unselfish concern for another's welfare.