1. Organization of the Periodic Table
Metals
Alkalis
Alkali Metals
Alkali Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Iron Triad
Coinage Metals
Inner Transition Metals
Non Metals
Boron Group
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen Group
Halogens
Noble Gasses
Metalloids

2. Metals and Synthetic Elements
Ductile
Malleable
Radioactive elements
Transition elements
Transuranium elements

3. Metals Left of the stair step line Hard, shiny, solids
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Free moving electrons allow the metals to conduct electricity and heat.
Good reflectors of light
Malleable – hammered or rolled into thin sheets
When they are hammered, the electrons move freely so the metal can be shaped.
Ductile – drawn into wires
Have 2 – 3 electrons in their outer energy level
Lose electrons to nonmetals

4. Form Ionic bonds (metal + nonmetal) and metallic bonds (pure metals)
Some are radioactive – nucleus breaks down and gives off particles of energy (radiation)
Form Ionic bonds (metal + nonmetal) and metallic bonds (pure metals)
Group 1-12 are all metals (except hydrogen)
Transition elements – groups 3 -12
Usually have 1 – 2 electrons in outer energy level
Have various oxidation numbers.
Most precious stones with the exception of diamonds are formed from metals
Sapphire
Peridot
Garnet

6. Alkali’s Alkali Metals Group 1 1 electron in outer energy level
All metals
Hydrogen is not an alkali metal
Most reactive of all metals
Found in compounds, never as elements in nature.
Loses an electron to hydrogen.
Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) are needed in your diet.

7. A small piece of potassium dropped into water will
react explosively, releasing H2 to form a strongly
basic hydroxide solution. The energy of the reaction
ignites the hydrogen gas that is produced.
Potassium was first isolated in 1807 from
the electrolysis of caustic potash, KOH.

8. Rubidium (Rb) and Cesium (Cs) are used in photocells.
Lithium (Li) is used to treat mental disorders and used in lithium rechargeable batteries.
Rubidium (Rb) and Cesium (Cs) are used in photocells.
Francium (Fr) is rare and radioactive.
Sodium derives its name from the word
soda. It was first isolated in 1807 from the
electrolysis of caustic soda, NaOH. Sodium
is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is
shiny until it reacts with oxygen, which
causes the surface to lose its luster.
Lithium was discovered in It is found
in most igneous rocks and is used in batteries. Lithium is soft and is stored in oil or kerosene to prevent it from reacting with the air

9. Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 2 electrons in outer energy level
All metals
Reactive, not found as elements in nature.
Beryllium (Be) is found in gems like emeralds and aquamarine.
Magnesium (Mg) is light weight and used in baseball bats, plants, white fireworks.

10. Calcium carbonate is a major component of marble.
The mineral dolomite, CaCO3•MgCO3, is a natural source of both calcium and
magnesium.
Beryllium is found in the mineral compound beryl. Beryl crystals include the dark green emerald and the blue-green aquamarine. The colors of these
gems come from other metal impurities.

11. Calcium reacts with water to form hydrogen gas.
Magnesium reacts with HCl to produce
MgCl2.
Magnesium burns in air to form MgO and Mg3N2.
A flare is made up of billions of reacting magnesium particles.

12. Spinach is a good source of magnesium. Magnesium is the central
atom in the green plant pigment chlorophyll. The chlorophyll
structure is shown below.
Dairy products are generally good sources of calcium.
Barium is used for X-rays.

13. Calcium (Ca) is needed in your diet, found in marble, limestone.
Strontium (Sr) is red in fireworks.
Barium (Ba) is used for intestine/stomach X-rays
Radium (Ra) is radioactive and used to treat some cancers.

14. Transition Metals Iron Triad 1st element in groups 8, 9, 10 (period 4)
All create a magnetic field (can be used as magnets).
Iron, cobalt, nickel
All metals
Iron (Fe) is the 2nd most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and is used to make steel.
Cobalt (Co) is used to prevent steel from rusting
Nickel (Ni) is added to metals for strength and protective coatings.
Iron ore is obtained from surface mines. Hematite, Fe2O3, is the most common iron ore.

15. Coinage Metals Group 11 All metals Copper, Silver, and Gold
Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, and osmium are sometimes referred to as the noble metals because they are not very reactive. These metals are found in coins, jewelry, and metal sculptures.
Coinage Metals
Group 11
All metals
Copper, Silver, and Gold
Unreactive, do not easily rust
Used as coins
Gold (Au) is used in jewelry and electrical contacts
Silver (Ag) is used in making photographs
Copper (Cu) is made into electrical wires
Copper ores are also obtained from surface mines. Copper ore is shown here.

16. Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury Group 12 All metals
Zinc (Zn) is used to coat, plate, and protect other metals
Cadmium (Cd) is used in rechargeable batteries
Mercury (Hg) is the only liquid metal. Used in thermometers, thermostats, batteries, but is poisonous.
Stainless steel, which is hard and resists corrosion, is made of iron and chromium (12–30%). The properties of stainless steel make it a suitable alloy for making cutlery and utensils.
Amalgams are alloys that contain mercury. They are soft and pliable when first produced, but later become solid and hard. Dental fillings were once made of an amalgam of mercury and silver. Concerns about the possible toxicity of mercury led to the development of other filling materials.

17. Synthetic Elements (Inner Transition Metals)
Lanthanide – 14 elements in period 6 at the bottom (atomic numbers 58 – 71).
Only Promethium atomic #61 is synthetic.
Actinide – 14 elements in period 7 at the bottom (atomic numbers 90 – 103).
All of these are synthetic/produced in a laboratory except for Thorium atomic #90 and Uranium atomic #92 which are produced synthetically and found in nature.

18. Transuranium Elements
Elements with atomic number greater than 92 (uranium).
These elements are all man made in the laboratory.
Not found in nature.
Americium is used in smoke detectors.
Europium and Ytterbium are used in TV picture tubes.

19. Metalloids Along the stair step line
Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Polonium, and Astatine.
Have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Conduct electricity, but not as well as metals
They are used to make semi-conductors - electrical devices made of metalloids that conduct electricity under certain conditions.

20. Nonmetals Right of the stair step line and Hydrogen
Most nonmetals are gases at room temperature.
Those that are solids are dull, brittle, powders.
They are NOT malleable, NOT ductile.
Good insulators, poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Form both ionic bonds (metal + nonmetal) and covalent bonds (nonmetal + nonmetal).
Noble gases (group 18) are the only group that contains only nonmetals.

21. Allotropes
Different forms of the same element but with different structures.
The atoms are bonded together differently.
Carbon has three allotropes.
Graphite – carbon atoms bonded in a flat plane. Used as a lubricant and in pencils.
Diamond – complex 3D hard and clear. Carbon atoms are bonded together to form a macromolecule.
Buckminsterfullerene – 60 carbon atoms bonded together to form a shape like a soccer ball.

22. Boron Group Group 13 Three electrons in the outer energy level
Boron is a covalent solid. Other members of the family are metallic solids.
Group 13
Three electrons in the outer energy level
Contains metalloids and metals
Boron (B) is used in boric acid, borax, and fuel for rockets
Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in earth’s crust
used in foil, cans, and building materials
light and strong
exists in nature as an ore called bauxite
Gallium (Ga) is a semiconductor
the warmth of a person’s hand will melt it
has the lowest melting point (29.77°C) of any metal except mercury.
Indium (In) and Thallium (Tl) are metals

23. Carbon Group Group 14 Four electrons in the outer energy level
Tin
Carbon Group
Group 14
Four electrons in the outer energy level
Contains nonmetal, metalloids, and metals
Carbon (C) has 3 allotropes.
is in coal, oil, natural gas, and food.
Germanium (Ge) is a metalloid used in semiconductors
Tin (Sn) is used to coat metals to prevent corrosion
Tin, which is shown on the right, is a self-protecting
metal like lead, but unlike lead it has a high luster.
occurs in nature in cassiterite ore, which is shown above.
Lead (Pb) has a low reactivity and is resistant to corrosion
is very soft, highly ductile, and malleable
is toxic and, like mercury, it is a cumulative poison.
Silicon (Si) is in sand, glass, and is used in semiconductors
Silicon has a luster but does not exhibit metallic properties. Most silicon in nature is a silicon oxide, which occurs in sand and quartz, which is shown here.

24. Nitrogen Group Group 15 Five electrons in the outer energy level
Contains nonmetals, metalloids, and a metal
Nitrogen (N) makes up 80% of air. Used to make fertilizers, ammonia. It is a diatomic molecule (N2)
Phosphorus (P) is a nonmetal. Used to make water softeners, fertilizers, and matches.
Arsenic (As) is toxic.
Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid
Bismuth (Bi) is a soft metal used in fire sprinkler heads
You can see the contrast in physical properties among the elements
of this family. Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are shown.

25. Some matches contain phosphorus compounds in the match head
Some matches contain phosphorus compounds in the match head. Safety matches contain phosphorus in the striking strip on the matchbox.
Phosphorus exists in three allotropic forms. White phosphorus must be kept underwater because it catches on fire when exposed to air. The red and black forms are stable in air.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Rhizobium, live in these small nodules that grow on the roots of soybeans.
Soybeans are legumes that live in a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

26. 6. Oxygen Group Group 16 Six electrons in the outer energy level
Contains nonmetals and metalloids
Oxygen (O) is a diatomic molecule (O2). Air contains 20% oxygen. Ozone (O3) is an allotrope that protects us from the ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

27. Sulfur (S) is used as pigments in paints and has several allotropes
Selenium (Se) is used in copy machines and is toxic
Tellurium (Te) and Polonium (Po) are metalloids
Two allotropic forms
of sulfur are
orthorhombic and
monoclinic. Each has
a different crystal
structure.
Sulfur is found naturally in
underground deposits and
in the steam vents near
volcanoes.

28. Halogens Group 17 Seven electrons in the outer energy level
Contains nonmetals and a metalloid
Halogen means “salt former” - ionic bond
When a halogen gains an electron from a metal it forms a salt
Very reactive elements.
They form diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
Fluorine (F) is the most chemically reactive element.
used in toothpaste.
hydrofluoric acid is used to etch glass because it is corrosive to glass.

29. Halogens (continued…)
Swimming pools are routinely tested to be sure the chlorine level is safe.
Halogens (continued…)
Chlorine (Cl) is used in bleach and to disinfect water
releases green toxic gas
Bromine (Br) is the only liquid nonmetal at room temperature.
used in dyes and cosmetics
Iodine (I) is needed in your diet
goes through sublimation
Astatine (At) is a rare radioactive element and according to some, is a metalloid
Iodine sublimes to produce a violet vapor that recrystallizes on the bottom of the evaporating dish filled with ice.
Halogens are the only family that contains elements representing all three states of matter at room temperature.
Chlorine- yellowish green gas
Bromine- reddish brown liquid
Iodine- purple-black solid.

30. Noble Gases Group 18 All nonmetals
Non reactive, chemically stable, eight electrons in outer energy level so it is full.
Monatomic elements (only one atom), not found in compounds
Helium (He) is stable with 2 electrons in the outer energy level
Argon (Ar) is used in light bulbs and double pain windows
Form neon lights

31. Hydrogen Only nonmetal on the left side of the periodic table
Group 1 because it has 1 electron on the outer energy level
Diatomic Molecule (H2)
Highly reactive
90% of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen (stars)
Most hydrogen on earth is in water
Reacts with alkali and alkaline earth metals to form hydrides
Hydrogen forms ionic bonds by gaining 1 electron and covalent bonds by sharing 1 electron

32. All Elements 1 7 4 5 6 2 3 Nonmetals are are are
malleable, ductile, & good conductors 4
Similar to both metals and nonmetals
include
include
Alkali, & Alkaline Earth families
Parts of Groups 13, 14, & 15 5 6
include 2 3
Halogens except maybe Astatine
Elements on the stairstep line

33. 1   1  2    11  12  13    14    15     16    17 
3-12  
1st element in groups 8,9,10 11  12  13    14    15     16    17    18 