1. 1 Dr. Kirit Shelat – I.A.S. (Retd.) Executive Chairman National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development & Public Leadership Email ID: drkiritshelat@gmail.comdrkiritshelat@gmail.com International Conference on “Governance in Agriculture and Allied Sectors – Issues and Way Foreward 18-19 December 2014 at Hotel Taj Deccan, Hyderabad

2. Why is Climate Smart Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture need of time? As per FAO estimate, by year 2050 world population will increase by one – third and food security will be required to be increased by 60 %. Cumulative impact of climate change has effect on productivity since last decade. Agriculture has become a high risk profession- farmers increasingly prefer to migrate. As per NSSO 2005 estimate, in India 60% of farmers are likely to be leave farming. This has direct impact on socio-economic development process. Countries after countries are facing social turmoil with growing local terrorism and riots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movement and Maoist who act brutally, and attract young persons to snatch property and income and has spread over 1/3 of its total districts. But with available knowledge and experience use of science and technology, it is possible to make sustainable livelihood through agriculture but this requires intensive efforts at ground level – local level where agriculture exists. If agriculture can be prioritized, this can be converted into an opportunity 2

3. Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time? What CSA means: It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals It integrates – social, economical and environmental development to meet challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood to farmers (b) food security to hungry millions, and ( c) eradication of poverty. It is composed of four pillars: Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income Adapting and building resilience to climate change Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible It uses agriculture as a major tool for mitigation of GHG – CO 2 by laying emphasis on its unique capacity to absorb CO 2 and release Oxygen through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve this through (a) increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through integrated water and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture on wasteland, wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture (Source: Page IX - Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book) 3

4. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in overall development strategy It makes agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on climate change. The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agri. Scientists, Extension teams and agricultural organizations both Public and Private, and of course Public leadership is to make this happen. 4

5. 5 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously. This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also in the infinite future. The word “Sustainable development” has well-known implications. It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood means..... Provide enough to all to live or exist, It should not become less and that There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

6. 6 Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture Despite change in climate and its adverse impact on crops/animals, income to farmers should not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to have multiple source of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries- milch cattle and poultry. So when one fails, other supports. It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills, support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house technology. It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities – by way of crop insurance – for crops & animal husbandry. It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at time of drought or whenever needed. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)

7. 7 Climate smart agriculture involves : Crop pattern based on soil health & moisture analysis of an individual piece of land to support crops which can be sustained by its soil. Weather advisory – long term- medium term – short term inputs to take precautionary action. Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss. Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry. All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep. And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

8. Indian Situation India’s success over six decades: – 2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth. – Brought many out of poverty – Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges – Validated research into raise productivity – Several States & individual farmers with average productivity, higher than, or equal to International level. – But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like services and manufacturing. Later have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is Increasing rural and urban divide. – Further there unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village with similar land, and, water resources, one makes profit and other fails – commits suicide. Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to poverty Farmers suicide / Large scale exodus to urban centers. There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line. 8

9. 9 There are three kinds of impact of change in climate A concurrent impact which is taking place over the decades. This has already affected productivity and reduction in water resources, while cost of energy is growing higher At local level action plan is needed to provide by taking stock of what has happened to soil and its productivity and same about livestock due to changes in weather – increase in temperature etc Unexpected change in weather pattern during monsoon season like delayed rain, long intervals for rain or heavy rain – flood has already affecting Horticulture crops. A contingency plan to modify cropping pattern. This has to be part of local level (Taluka Level) action plan and Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri. Universities but need to be made available to farmers. Major calamity like floods, cyclone/tornado, cloud burst etc Need restoration strategy because such disasters some time wipe out entire soil strata and sweet water sources including livestock and shelter

10. 10 Examples of projected Climate Change Impacts on Crop production National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership EVENTPOTENTIAL IMPACT Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter in days and nights becoming hotter Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments; increased outbreaks of new insect pests and pathogens; potential impacts on crop production Heavy precipitation events increasing in frequency. Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability to cultivate land owing to water logging of soils Drought-affected area increases Land degradation and soil erosion; lower yields from crop damage and failure; loss of farm land Intense tropical cyclone activity increasesDamage to crops and livestock and shelter High sea levels increase in incidence Salinization of irrigation water, estuaries and freshwater systems; loss of farm land Source: adapted from IPCC,2007, in FAO 2008

11. Climate Smart Agriculture In the arena of climate change focus of Development Administration need to be on: Water Cycle Soil Management Live stock Management Weather forecasting and Agri. Advisory based on that Energy saving in farming Value chain for Agro produce – enhancing value Multiple source of Income to farmers Bridging gaps in productivity. With the active involvement of young farmers, women farmers and Sarpanches of villages. 11

12. CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CYCLE Understanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for Agriculture Even without climate change, underground water resources are reducing due to high discharge by tube wells – both for agriculture but more for washrooms for new urban enclaves. There is increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urban areas and this drives away water meant agriculture even from irrigation dams. With the temperature increase due to higher rate evaporation etc., there will be reduced water availability. This will reduce also “Soil Moisture” having direct impact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water scarcity for cattle and human being and require migration plan. Rise in sea – level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi – Navsari, Cambay – Anand resulting into direct loss of agri. land. This may need planed shifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangroves and casuarina. Inundation from flood – reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil surface. Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area – Taluka wise and give Agro Advisory – how to preserve and use water. 12

13. Climate change and its impact on water cycle National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership 13 Element of Water CycleClimate Change Annual precipitation Expected to increase globally during the 21 st Century, with potentially great spatial variations Inter-annual variations in precipitations Expected to increase everywhere Seasonal variability of rainfall  Expected to increase everywhere  Delayed monsoon  Interim delay with in season Soil moisture stress (droughts) Moisture stress to generally increase as a result of increasing variability of rainfall distribution (longer periods without rain) and increasing temperatures and deplete soil moisture faster than natural vegetation FloodsIncreased as a result of increasing frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events flood intensity can affect standing crops, washing away of upper fertile crust of soil & cause soil erosion (Navsari District)

14. Climate change and its impact on water cycle National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership 14 Element of Water CycleClimate Change River discharge (Kutch District) Increased variability as a result of changes in rainfall patterns. Changes in annual runoff expected to vary from region to region Groundwater Varies as a function of changes in rainfall volumes and distribution. Impact is complex, with floods contributing to increasing recharge, and droughts leading to increased pumping EvapotranspirationIncreases as a function of temperature increases Water quality (in rivers, lakes and aquifers) Moderate impact through temperature increases Salinity in rivers and aquifers Potentially high impact where sea water level rise combines with reduced runoff and increased withdrawal Agri. Scientists particularly Krishi Vigyan Kendra team need to identify what a farmer need to do and what is required by Village Community and District. Comprehensive approach like River Basin Management needed

15. 15 RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENT River is an important physical agent that plays very vital role in distribution of water and maintaining equilibrium of water in hydrological cycle. The area from where river collects water is termed as watershed or catchment area. The whole unit can be defined as basin where set of physical processes are interlinked with each other and maintain relationships between biological and non biological components. It is well known truth that any major civilizations have developed around river or in other wards within balanced watershed region due to healthiness of natural resources. Management of such basin is the key to maintain balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff, Veteran NGO, initiated this through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training Institute (VRTI) in Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an arid area in State of Gujarat, India.

16. Climate Change Major culprit: CO 2 Emerging Approach Low external input system Land management (Agriculture, grassland & forest) Promoting Photosynthesis Issues to tackle Food & Water insecurity Deteriorating soil health Depleting water resources Integrated River Basin Management Promoting Photosynthesis to consume CO2 Food & water security through better natural resource management Environmental Issues Increasing temperature Change in rainfall pattern Change in season cycle Tackling the Climate Change – Water cycle

17. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE  Activities as per strategy will be carried out through linkages with Govt. departments and other funding agencies  Irrigation department  Forest Department (JFM)  Agriculture Department (RKVY, RADP)  Other Funding Agencies  CBO formed during planning phase are involved in each stage of implementation

18. During the planning phase, enthused by the project, the chairman of the ‘Sardar Patel Sahbhagi Jal Sanchay Yojna’ had sanctioned 51 check dams in basin area of about 5.15 crore cost. 44 checkdams have been constructed till date.

19. Achievements – Desilting – In 20 structures, 5.5 MCFT water storage. 250 hectares of land benefited from this fertile soil. – Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structures – 19 – Distribution of Kitchen Garden kits - 350 – Compost preparation - 19 – Animal vaccination – 1691 animals – Formation of SHGs – 30 (410 members) – Exposure tour – 9 (186 beneficiaries)

20. Linkages with Government programmes – Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) (Agriculture department): 922 farmers – Linkages with different government schemes for farmers – 412 farmers – Seed village – 5 villages – 250 farmers – Cotton demonstration – 225 farmers – Accelerated Pulse Production Programme – 1800 farmers

21. Linkages with Government programmes – Vocational trainings – 13 (403 participants) trainings ( In coordination with Rural Technology Institute & VRTI) – Group formation (ATMA): Agriculture & Animal husbandry groups – 70 (985members) – Farm schools (ATMA): 10 – Capacity Building Workshops – 4 (552 participants) Total spending: Rs. 8 crores

22. Rukmavati Rural Agro Producer Company - farmers’ producer company in Rukmavati basin area has been formed. Developing/improving degraded lands and ‘Gauchar’ Activities In Progress

23. Weather base farm decision making. – Installation of Agromet observatory at VRTI campus. – Disseminating recorded data & IMD forecast of the region through SMS in Gujarati – Also providing agro advisory based on weather

24. Way Forward 97 River Basins of Kachchh

25. 25 Soil & Climate Change Soil with moisture and sunlight makes agriculture production possible. With inputs and combination of soil health and moisture, productivity increases – declines or remains stable. The challenge is to that, in the changing weather parameters, stability in productivity is maintained and wherever possible, increased. We have to make this happen by farmers providing not only scientific inputs but demonstrating its success. This includes  Bio-diversity  Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM)  Conservation of agriculture system  Organic and In-organic inputs  Agro-forestry, Perennial crops  Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such conditions  Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS)  Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013 National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

26. Soil and Climate Change The soil has direct impact of changes in climate and that in turn affects productivity – sustainability of crops that grow on it. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership 26

27. Soil and Climate Change National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership 27 Life Support Services Provision Services Regulating ServicesCultural Services The soil renews, retains, and delivers plant nutrients and provides physical support to plants. It sustains biological activity, diversity and productivity. Soil is the basis for the provision of food, fiber, fuel and medicinal products that sustain life. The soil plays a central role in buffering, filtering and moderating the hydrological cycle. (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and sulphur) that affect plant production and the climate. Soil provides the foundation for settlement and infrastructure. Soils and their wider ecosystems provide spiritual or heritage value. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013

28. Soil Health Card Soil Health Card based on crop selection system to include all Advisory discussion. This is already in practice and is key to sustainable agriculture growth in Gujarat. It provides farmer information about status of soil health of his land, need of supplemental nutrients, alternative crops that can grown, average market price. The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil and provide Soil Health and Moisture Analysis to Farmers. The Soil Health Card must include alternative crops including Mix crops, Agro forestry that can be sustained on individual piece of land. Farmers believe and like to follow written guidance. Inform farmers about Soil heath card with change of water cycle. The water also needs to be tested and analyzed and perception to be provided. 28

29. Soil Management for sustained crop productivity and climate change adaptation and mitigation Conventional practices Practices to enhance Productivity and Adaptation Practices to enhance mitigation Soil crusting and degradation in dry-lands: This is a severe problem in the Kutch – Combay Tarapur (Anand) and Dandi due to wind erosion and loss of SOM due to high temperatures and burning. When rain fails it can no longer infiltrate the soil and the region becomes increasingly barren and arid. In kutch – under watershed programmes and prevention of salinity ingress programmes – check dams, bandh, villages, ponds, farms ponds, gully plugging and protection wall have been successfully used to meet this challenge. The latest approach integrated is river basin management in rukmavati river basin. Kutch Examples – are in case studies 29

30. Effect of Seasonal Changes Summer – Drought Monsoon – Floods, Heavy Rains & long period of monsoon. Winter and severe cold o Milk Animals o Poultry o Fisheries

31. Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals Selection of breed Shelter Design Feeding practices Mixing Ration o During extreme heat and drought o During monsoon and Flood o During winter Drinking water requirement Breeding practices Rearing Practices Vaccination and deceases prevention Milking care before & after

32. Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals SELECTION OF MILK ANIMAL BREED Two major zones o Northern Gujarat (Dry) & o Saurashtra o South Gujarat (Humid ) Selection of breed within zone. Indigenous cow breeds preferred are KankrejGir

33. Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals SHELTER FOR MILK ANIMALS 50% effect of Climate change can be eliminated by properly designed Shelter. Key factors o Ventilation and lighting o Roofing and heat reflection o Floor and wooden slits o Sides with windows o Cooling fans and water spray o Spacing A Typical sketch showing requirement of shelter

34. CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS When there may be unforeseen climate change effects observed in the atmosphere due to increasing or decreasing climate parameters following types impacts was observed in the climates. The Contingency Plan are prepared by Agriculture University for each district. The general remedial measures are as follows. This should become part of Agro Advisory in current years Krishi Mahotsav. 34

35. STRATEGY FOR RESTORATION Climate change has brought in recent years, major calamities which has affected entire agriculture and livelihood in affected areas. To illustrate in the current year Uttarakhand cloud bursting Odessa cyclone International level – Philippines cyclone At local flooding in Navsari district and part of Anand District Such devastation can not be remedied by existing mitigation – adaptation strategies. It needs total rehabilitation of agriculture activity which is not forming part of current disaster Management strategies which caters emergency situation and provide relief measures. What is needed is total restoration strategy for reviving agriculture. 35

36. Impact of disaster and Action Needed Permanent increase in sea level and submergence of agriculture land. Washing out of soil strata and spread of salinity due to cyclone both underground and over-ground. Residing of sea level in certain areas opening of barren saline land. Farmers have to be given alternative land If feasible protection wall has to be constructed along with plantation of Bamboo, mangroves etc outside of the wall Soil replacement New cropping pattern based on fresh Soil Health & Moisture analysis along with analysis of water. a. sub soil water strata b. water availability for irrigation from wells/tube wells Making available certified seeds and other inputs for cropping pattern suggested and agro advisory on new crop management – Kutch case studies Growing of Mangroves, Bamboos in such areas to prevent salinity ingress. 36

37. Impact of disaster and Action Needed Wastage of fields due to floods in overflow river/ check dam bursting Reconstruction of check dams on adoption of River Basin Management Cropping pattern based on Soil Health & Moisture Analysis along with making available of seeds and other inputs. Loss of tractors/storage of bins/agriculture implements. Death of livestock and poultry due to floods Replacement by special scheme There is a need to develop a specific agriculture restoration policy by expanding current Relief Scheme. 37

38. Multiple Source of Income MULTIPLE SOURCE OF INCOME Objective of climate smart agriculture is to make farmers and their income resilient to climate change. This can be made by providing multiple source of income. If one fails other sustains. This is initiative as to be guided local public governance system and civil society. Poultry / Cattle with Crop Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is resource for other. Milch cattle cows – weekly cash flow to family when incomes from crops are at the end of season. Animal like cow provide gobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crops residue is feed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Further livestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash and incase even if one fail, other supports thus offer a way to escape poverty and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variable related environment. 38

39. Multiple Source of Income Rice – Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balance diet. Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system. It prevents soil erosion Facilitates water infiltration Diminish impact if extreme weather Trees also provide fodder to livestock – improves soil fertility due to enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks More of all, it sale of provides alternative income. This already exists, but needs to be expanded. Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternate source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both livestock and crops provides low or no income. 39

40. CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH Sr. No Name Of Village Name Of Block Name of Member Occupa tion Best Year Income Week Year Income Livelihood Project Joined After Income from alternate source 1 Charopadi Nani Abdasa Sodha Ladhubha Aamrji Farming300008000 Animal RLF Farming Inputs Sewing machine 40000 2 Charopadi Moti Abdasa Mandhara Mariyamba i Sidhik Farming5000012000 Farmer loan Sewing machine Ration shop 30000 3 Charoapdi Moti Abdasa Maheswari Tejbai Vachiya Farming4500015000 Floor mill Asset(Tractor )54000 4JethamalparAbdasa Bhatt Bhupatram Mohbatra m Farming5500030000 Animal RLF Land levelling40000 5BhoaAbdasa Chuahan Khetubha Bhojubha Farming3000012000 Animal RLF Land levelling Sewing machine Kitchen Garden 55000 40

41. CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH 6Rodasar Lakhap at Maheswari Kanbai Gopal Farming5000020000 Animal RLF Ration Shop Kitchen Garden 72000 7UkirAbdasa Luhar Hanifabai Alimamad Farming3000010000 Ration Shop Home Floor Mill Kitchen Garden Animal RLF 48000 8UkirAbdasa Luhar Kulsumbai Haji Farming3500012000 Sewing machine Animal RLF 40000 9BaraAbdasa Maheswari Lakha Karu Farming5000025000 Seed Support Crop Loan Kishan Credit Card Irrigated Farming 100000 10BaraAbdasaJadeja TakhatsinhFarming6000020000 Animal RLF Irrigated Farming Diesel Engine Crop Loan 90000 41

42. 42 Bridge Productivity Gaps Major challenge to Agri. Administration is reducing productivity gaps – Between farmers in one village Between villages within same taluka Brining up taluka average above State & National average. The analysis of Anand and Mandvi block illustrate this.

43. 43 WEATHER FORECASTING It is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already brought huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture sector, Crops – Horticulture, Livestock and Poultry – birds and Fisheries. But this can be mitigated by (a) advance information about possible changes by FM Radio & TV (b) Agro- Advisory – followed by information of impending weather forecast and un- usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level. It should also be provided at the local level. In the Farmers Interaction Meet with Experts during National Conference organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural University – March, 2013, it was revealed that only 10% of farmers have access to weather forecasting.

44. 44. It is the need of hour to communicate to farmers about: a. Possible rainfall pattern-long term b. Mid-season correction, if any in same c. Weekly forecast d. More specific forecast on day to day basis for unseasonal or heavy rain, high wind velocity, frost and spell of heat and cold. e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by simulation model and communicate to farmers in time to time. Only this can prevent the crop failure. f. While many of advance countries do have technology and communication system, most of developing countries do not have this. There is, therefore, need for knowledge transfer with international cooperation in this regard.

45. 45 WOMEN FARMERS Women play important roles in agriculture production. These roles pertain to all aspects of crop production / protection, management of livestock, farm animals / husbandry and fisheries but are treated as “workers” and not farmers. In recent times, women are increasingly replacing men in all farm activities – they are now new farmers – no longer with partial responsibility and are required to take all on farm decisions as men go out to urban centre/off farm urge for employment. This is in addition to routine domestic and family functions (house- keeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles and responsibilities. Meeting of Women Farmers at MGLI, Ahmedabad

46. 46 Efforts to build capacities of women in agriculture are, however, constrained by the fact that agriculture tools, equipment and extension communication strategies are predominantly men – centred. The needs is to ensure that women are adequately trained to take on farm decision, made available appropriate tools and techniques that optimize on time and reduce stress while handling them. SGSY Training Programme for Self Help Groups

47. 47 SMALL FARMERS Attention of Extension team is on progressive farmers who are generally big farmers. Small holders own majority of land in many countries. In India 80% of farm holding are by small farmers. They need to be provided focused attention as individual family unit on: a) Soil Health Analysis Growth Card b) Crop related guidance including market price & quality of product in demand c) Adaptation measures needed for changed climate and provide information related to its impact d) Link to supply chain for inputs and demand chain for their products; direct disbursement of subsidy including free inputs, and provide link with Banks – Finance. e) Implement door-step approach to farmers at village in pre-monsoon for crop guidance. f) Monitor and inspect spurious seeds and fertilizer-mix and pesticides. This can go a long way in developing sustainable agriculture all around and not confined to rich.

48. 48 RURAL YOUTH Rural youth across the world are becoming increasingly restless. They look forward to higher income at a rapid pace which agriculture most often does not provide and in the context of climate change sometime lend farmers into debt due to crop failure. Mr. Gondaliya Sanjay in his Agri Business Centre One major adverse impact on rural youth is they are misdirected by groups which encourage internal violence, spread of terrorism and grab income of others through brutality. In India, this is prevalent in some districts and is known as “Naxalism”. Hence youth has to be Oriented to scientific agriculture Educated in multi-skills Continued------

49. 49 Moved to set up micro enterprise or agro service centre Adopt modern agriculture, protected agriculture through green house or otherwise This has to be with addition of modern infrastructure in village which includes round the clock Electric Power Supply. Mr. Laheri Suraj in his Emu Farm

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51. 51 COMMUNITY BIO-GAS PLANT The cow-dung and agriculture waste are the major cause of Methane, hence agriculture is blamed for GHG emissions. The Chhota Udepur, a remote Tribal Taluka of Gujarat, India saw a major community initiative in which about 3 to 4 slurry was utilized appropriately. Its network of gas pipelines was laid for supply of gas to all of households. A Community biogas plant set up after interaction with village community. The State Government provided financial assistance though a registered cooperative society in the village. Animal holder paid price for cow dung per kg. per month Rs.200/- for gas connection - 70 householders. A Vermicompost bed has been set up and slurry used for it. Liquid slurry is not marketable but when it is converted into vermicompost can be transported to urban centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is the key to success of the project. Biogas Project – Chhota Udepur – Gujarat, India The gobar and agri waste emanates methane which affects environment, but converted into Biogas, has a different value and is a solution to the problem. The Shroff Foundation Trust took this initiative with convergence of government departments with participation of local community. In fact such efforts need to be incentivized as we have agro waste and cow dung in all our villages which are inefficiently used.

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53. 53 AGRO INDUSTRIES IN VILLAGES Natural resource management Soil, Water, vegetation etc. Agro Industrial Complex R & D To continuously assess the opportunity, solve problems & provide services Inputs management Seeds, nutrients, pests etc. Capacity building through Education, Training, Skill – development & on job training Services to farmers and other community Climate & weather information, banking & credit supply, trade in inputs & output, storage and transport. Infrastructure, value addition related knowledge. Processing expertise, market linkages

54. 54 Use of Biotechnology Select the crop variety which are well adapted / resistant to high or low conditions of temperature, rainfall, which stand with high wind velocity and resistant to the pest and disease Adopt the genetic modified (GM) crops variety which can highly resistant to the pest i.e. approved BT Cotton Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better export market. Nearly in recent years, we are able to export 120 million bells of BT Cotton in export markets. Similarly tissue culture plants of Banana (Grand T -9 Variety) provides to a excellent results on farmers field and significantly gave the higher yields and quality production for export market under the best advance management practices

55. CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership 55

56. Prior to 1974  poorest district in the state & country too  Roughly 90 % people in tribal villages facing acute poverty  Migration rate in non-irrigated villages between 50-70 %  The irrigation coverage 10 % in records, in reality around 5 %  Agriculture yields poorest in the state  Milk production lowest in the state  Literacy rate - lowest in the state – women literacy in one digit  Landscape almost barren with hardly any tree cover  Most forest land - without tree cover  No horticulture activity  No vegetable cultivation  No floriculture In 2010  Achieved food security  Housing conditions improved  School enrolment and attendance increased manifolds  Ground water improved - CGWB  Irrigation coverage is around 30 %  450 community water resources developed & managed by community  2,500 village institutions - users groups managing their affairs & assets  65 rivers and rivulets made perennial through series of structures  migration rate 10-15 %  six crore trees planted with 50 % survival at long run  About 25,000 farmers opted for horticulture National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership 56

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60. 60 Summery Key Recommendation to Farmers : Unpredictable and erratic climatic patterns resulting from climate change will affect crop production. This will have an impact on farmer livelihoods and food availability. Climate-smart agriculture provides management options to farmers to both adapt to, and mitigate, climate change and maintain his income and look for opportunity to increase it. Crop production must adapt - crop varietal selection, plant breeding, cropping patterns and ecosystem management approaches and become resilient to changes (frequency and intensity). Crop production can contribute to mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - for example by reducing the use of/judiciously using inorganic fertilizers, avoiding soil compaction or flooding to reduce methane emissions (e.g. in paddy rice systems) and sequestering carbon (e.g. planting perennial crops and grass species). National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

61. 61 Farmers are the primary custodians of knowledge about their environment, agro-ecosystems, crops and cropping patterns, and local climatic patterns. Adapting cropping practices and approaches will be related to local farmers’ knowledge, requirements and priorities. Sustainable crop production provides farmers with options for farming sustainably, taking into account the local ecosystem and they how to follow selection crops which can be sustained by soil – based on soil health and moisture analysis of their land. Integrated approaches — such as crop-livestock systems, rice-fish systems and agro-forestry — diversify food sources and consequently strengthen the resilience of farmers’ livelihoods. They also provide opportunities for mitigating climate change but more precisely also increase their income level and in worst circumstances maintain it. National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

62. CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –ATMA Communication to farmers IssuesSuggested Measures Soil Health Card Weather forecasting Make available Taluka information (obtaining same from Indian Metrological Department, Pune to farmers. Give Agro Advisory before and during the season and even at harvesting time. Krishi Mahostsav SMS by KVK/ATMA Productivity Gaps at village & Taluka level Advise correct selection of seeds, balance use of fertilizer and right pesticides. Use of local TV cableMultiple Source of Income Advise to those who do not have how to obtain same under existing schemes of Government FM Radio, HelplineSoil Health & Soil Management Soil testing at every season providing of soil health card Water conservation within farm Crop selection based on Soil Health & Moisture Analysis Soil Management 62

63. 63 CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –ATMA Communication to farmers IssuesSuggested Measures Saving of energy Selection of right required horsepower for Pump Tractor Value addition to harvested crops Grading Sorting Packing before sending to sale Woman farmers New farmers - guide them for Agri practices Young farmers Advise about availability of higher income on farm/village level value addition Multiple skill Micro enterprise

64. CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Impact of Climate Change IssuesSuggested Measures Vulnerability Assessment of Block level Block level agro advisory Organic manure and pesticides Contingency plan for every block Bio-diversityMix crop pattern Crop which may initially flourish with increase in temperature Agro forestry pattern Agro ForestryTissue culture B T Cotton GM Crops Selection of Agri equipments and tools suitable to area 64

65. 65 CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Impact of Climate Change IssuesSuggested Measures Perennial crops Balance mix of nutrients – organic & in organic Development of salinity resistant varieties Heat tolerant varieties Development of pesticides mix in increased humidity Development of vaccines for new virus for livestock Yearly revision Normal crop practices based on changes that have taken place. Communicating with IMD – Pune about local weather parameters

66. CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - EDUCATION Development of syllabus based on Climate Smart Agriculture Redesigning and updating at regular interval of course curriculum Special Diplomas Multiple skills Weather advisory Water conservation management Special training and refreshing course Woman Young farmers Agri input dealers & Agro service centres – Sarpanches 66

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68. 68 Dr. Kirit Shelat National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD) Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009. Gujarat, INDIA. Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M) Email: info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org