1. Introduction to Content Instruction for ELs Policy and Theoretical Background

2. There is no equality of treatment merely by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum; for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. U. S. Supreme Court Lau v. Nichols 1974 Lau v. Nichols

3. Lau Remedies (1975) “Because an ESL program does not consider the affective or cognitive development of students [in the elementary and intermediate grades], an ESL program is not appropriate.”

5. Required "A-G" Courses a l History/Social Science – 2 years required Two years of history/social science, including one year of world history, cultures and geography; and one year of U.S. history or one-half year of U.S. history and one-half year of civics or American government. b l English – 4 years required Four years of college-preparatory English that include frequent and regular writing, and reading of classic and modern literature. No more than one year of ESL-type courses can be used to meet this requirement. c l Mathematics – 3 years required, 4 years recommended Three years of college-preparatory mathematics that include the topics covered in elementary and advanced algebra and two- and three-dimensional geometry. Approved integrated math courses may be used to fulfill part or all of this requirement, as may math courses taken in the seventh and eighth grades that your high school accepts as equivalent to its own math courses. d l Laboratory Science – 2 years required, 3 years recommended Two years of laboratory science providing fundamental knowledge in two of these three foundational subjects: biology, chemistry and physics. Advanced laboratory science classes that have biology, chemistry or physics as prerequisites and offer substantial additional material may be used to fulfill this requirement. The final two years of an approved three-year integrated science program may be used to fulfill this requirement. e l Language Other than English – 2 years required, 3 years recommended Two years of the same language other than English. Courses should emphasize speaking and understanding, and include instruction in grammar, vocabulary, reading, composition and culture. Courses in languages other than English taken in the seventh and eighth grades may be used to fulfill part of this requirement if your high school accepts them as equivalent to its own courses. f l Visual and Performing Arts (VPA) – 1 year required A single yearlong approved arts course from a single VPA discipline: dance, drama/theater, music or visual art. g l College Preparatory Electives – 1 year required One year (two semesters), in addition to those required in "a-f" above, chosen from the following areas: visual and performing arts (non-introductory level courses), history, social science, English, advanced mathematics, laboratory science and language other than English (a third year in the language used for the "e" requirement or two years of another language). http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/admissions/undergrad_adm/paths_to_adm/freshman/subject_reqs.html

6. Ethnic Distribution of California Students First Graders, 1994 UC Matriculants, 2006

7. is the from with consist identify analyze imply diagonal salinity verb monarchy box walk place flower Function words Common content words Academic words Disciplinary words

8. Alphabet Soup Elementary Bilingual Education Structured English Immersion (SEI) Middle / Secondary English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) / English Language Development (ELD) Content-Based ESL Sheltered Instruction (SI) Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE)

9. SIOP The theoretical underpinning of the model is that language acquisition is enhanced through meaningful use and interaction.

10. “Just add water” theory Noam Chomsky Steven Pinker Stephen Krashen

11. One brick at a time… B. F. Skinner

12. Social and historical products… Lev Seminovich Vygotsky

13. Comment on “Scientifically-Based”

14. http://clad.stanford.edu