1. Overview of the Systems of the Body Circulatory system: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels Circulatory system: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels Circulatory system Circulatory system

2. Digestive system: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines Digestive system: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines Digestive system Digestive system

3. Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones Endocrine system Endocrine system

4. Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents Immune system Immune system

5. Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails Integumentary system Integumentary system

6. Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream Lymphatic system Lymphatic system

7. Muscular system: moving the body Muscular system: moving the body Muscular system Muscular system

8. Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves Nervous system Nervous system

9. Reproductive system: the sex organs Reproductive system: the sex organs Reproductive system Reproductive system

10. Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs Respiratory system Respiratory system

11. Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones Skeletal system Skeletal system

12. Excretory/urinary/renal system: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine Excretory/urinary/renal system: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine Excretory/urinary/renal system Excretory/urinary/renal system

13. Science you should already know and why you need to review it. Four macromolecules: Four macromolecules: –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic Acids

14. Why are carbs important? Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy – ATPs!!!! Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy – ATPs!!!! Too much glucose gets stored in liver Too much glucose gets stored in liver Not enough glucose, liver releases it Not enough glucose, liver releases it Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake Low carbs diet craze – good or bad? Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

15. Why are proteins important? Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Enzymes are proteins that build or break down other molecules (ex lactase, acetylcholinesterase) Enzymes are proteins that build or break down other molecules (ex lactase, acetylcholinesterase) Proteins in cell membranes allow for transport of molecules into and out of cells Proteins in cell membranes allow for transport of molecules into and out of cells

16. Why are lipids important? Main component of all cell membranes Main component of all cell membranes Main component of myelin sheath surrounding axon of nerve cells Main component of myelin sheath surrounding axon of nerve cells Many vitamins are fat soluble Many vitamins are fat soluble Cushioning and protection Cushioning and protection Too much or too little causes health problems Too much or too little causes health problems

17. Why are nucleic acids important? DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences – CAN’T BE CURED Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences – CAN’T BE CURED RNA helps to build proteins for the body RNA helps to build proteins for the body

18. Enzymes work by? Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules Why Important? Why Important? –Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes. Ex. cellular respiration –If enzyme is not working = illness  Ex. insulin not working = diabetes  Ex. Acetylcholinesterase not working = continuous muscle contraction

19. ATP is important because? It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions Glucose is converted into many ATPs Glucose is converted into many ATPs ATP does work for all cells ATP does work for all cells –Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires

20. We eat and breathe because? We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration

21. Chemical equation for eating and breathing Chemical equation for cellular respiration is Chemical equation for cellular respiration is 6C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

22. Mitochondria Organelle responsible for housing the chemical process of cellular respiration Organelle responsible for housing the chemical process of cellular respiration

23. Mitosis is important because? When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells

24. Draw and label a typical animal cell below

25. An ion is? Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons –Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons –Ex. HCO 3 – maintains blood pH

26. An isomer is? Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. –Ex glucose and fructose are both C 6 H 12 O 6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it

27. Difference between structural and molecular formula is? Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule –Glucose and fructose again as examples

28. Ionic bonds are? An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients

29. Covalent bonds are? Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons Very strong bonds Very strong bonds Important because Important because –Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules –When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

30. Polar and non-polar molecules differ because? Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules

32. Valence electrons are important because? The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use –When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+ –Proton “pumps” keep cells working

33. Carbon is especially important to life because? Living organisms are carbon-based life forms. Living organisms are carbon-based life forms. –The molecules that make up our cells (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL made out of carbon chains