2. Slide Show Intro Presentation Plus! United States Government: Democracy in Action Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240

3. Welcome to Presentation Plus!

4. Section 1-2 The success of this system of government depends on an informed, participating citizenry.  An understanding of the Constitution is key to understanding the structure and daily function of American government. Introduction The Constitution established a republic and divided the federal government into legislative, judicial, and executive branches.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

5. Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Structure It contains about 7,000 words and is divided into three parts:  Compared with the constitutions of other countries, the United States Constitution is simple and brief.  –the Preamble  –the articles  –the amendments

6. Section 1-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Preamble In the Preamble, the Founders indicated that they wanted a government that would provide stability and order, protect citizens’ liberties, and serve the people. The Preamble, or introduction, states why the Constitution was written. 

7. Section 1-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Seven Articles Article I and its sections create and set forth details about the legislative branch.  Article II creates an executive branch to carry out laws passed by Congress. The Constitution contains seven divisions called articles, each of which covers a general topic. 

8. Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Seven Articles (cont.) Article IV explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national government.  Article V spells out the ways that the Constitution can be amended, or changed. Article III creates a judicial branch, establishing the jurisdiction, or the authority, of the Supreme Court and other federal courts to rule on cases. 

9. Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Seven Articles (cont.) Article VII addresses ratification and states that the Constitution would take effect after it was ratified by nine states. Article VI contains the supremacy clause, establishing that the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and treaties of the United States “shall be the supreme Law of the Land.” 

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11. Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Amendments The Constitution has been amended 27 times.  The amendment process provides a way for this document to remain responsive to the needs of a changing nation. The third part of the Constitution consists of amendments, or changes. 

12. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Major Principles –popular sovereignty  –federalism  –separation of powers  –checks and balances  –judicial review  –limited government The Constitution rests on six major principles of government: 

13. Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Popular Sovereignty The authority for the United States government flows from the people. The Constitution is based on the concept of popular sovereignty–rule by the people. 

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15. Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Federalism Under federalism, power is divided between national and state governments.  Federalism gives the United States a flexible system of government under which the national government has the power to act for the country as a whole, and states have power over many local matters.  The Founders chose federalism because it formed a strong union without giving all of the power to the central government. The Constitution created a federal system of government. 

16. Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Separation of Powers This separation helps prevent any branch from gaining too much power. Under separation of powers, the Constitution limits the central government by dividing power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. 

17. Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Checks and Balances For example, Congress passes laws. The president can veto, or reject, those laws. To the principle of separation of powers the Founders added a system of checks and balances, whereby each branch of government exercises some control over the others. 

18. Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Checks and Balances (cont.) Checks and balances created a system of shared powers. This veto power is balanced, however, by the power of Congress to override the veto by a two-thirds vote of each house. 

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20. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Judicial Review All federal courts have this power, but the Supreme Court is the final authority on the meaning and the interpretation of the Constitution. Judicial review is the power of the courts to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments invalid if they violate the Constitution. 

21. Section 1-16 Judicial Review (cont.) The Supreme Court established the precedent for federal courts to rule on the actions of the government in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).Marbury v. Madison The Founders did not explicitly give such power to the judicial branch.  Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.

22. Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Limited Government The first 10 amendments set specific limits in the areas of freedom of expression, personal security, and fair trials. The principle of limited government means that the Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have. 

23. Section 1-Assessment 2 How did the Founders hope to prevent any one branch of government from gaining too much power? They divided power among executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

24. End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 1

25. Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The House is the voice of the people, chosen by popular vote.  The Senate represents the broad interests of entire states with senators being originally chosen by their state legislatures. Introduction Article I of the Constitution created a legislature of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. 

26. Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Legislative Branch Because they feared the abuse of power that they experienced with the British Parliament, the Founders gave Congress expressed powers, or powers directly stated in the Constitution. The Founders expected Congress to become the most important branch of the national government. 

27. Section 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Enumerated Powers The enumerated powers deal with…  Most of the expressed powers of Congress are called enumerated powers because they are numbered 1–18.  –economic legislation.  –defense.  –naturalizing citizens.  –establishing post offices.  –securing patents and copyrights.  –establishing courts.  –governing the District of Columbia.

28. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Enumerated Powers (cont.) It is called the elastic clause because it lets Congress “stretch” its power to meet situations the Founders could never have anticipated. The final enumerated power, the so- called elastic clause, gives Congress the right to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I. 

29. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Congress Then and Now In the first Congress, the Senate introduced only 5 bills, and the House introduced 26. Today a total of about 10,000 bills are introduced annually.  Attendance in legislative sessions was only a part-time job for many years. Congress did not sit in continuous session until the mid-twentieth century. In 1789 Congress was first organized at Federal Hall in lower Manhattan, New York. 

30. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Executive Branch It was significant that the office was described in the second, not the first, article of the Constitution.  Presidential powers have grown enormously since George Washington took office in 1789. The office of the presidency was initiated in response to the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. 

31. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Vague Constitutional Powers The executive branch could protect liberty, private property, and business, and could hold the actions of the legislative branch in check.  The Constitution grants the president broad, but vaguely described powers. The exact meaning of the president’s power in specific situations is open to interpretation. The president is the head of the executive branch. The Founders recognized the need for a strong executive to carry out the acts of Congress. 

32. Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Specific Powers –is commander in chief of the armed forces and the National Guard.  –appoints–with the Senate’s consent–heads of executive departments.  –may pardon people convicted of federal crimes, except in cases of impeachment, or reduce a person’s jail sentence or fine.  –makes treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate. Sections 2 and 3 of Article II define some presidential powers. The president... 

33. Section 2-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Specific Powers (cont.) –delivers an annual State of the Union message to Congress.  –calls Congress into special session when necessary.  –meets with heads of state, ambassadors, and other foreign officials.  –commissions all military officers of the United States.  –ensures that the laws Congress passes are “faithfully executed.” –appoints ambassadors, federal judges, and other top officials, with Senate consent. 

34. Section 2-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Presidency Then and Now Early presidents would not recognize the office today. Early presidents had a lot of free time and only a handful of advisers and staff. Presidential government was a novel idea in 1789. George Washington was careful about setting precedents. 

35. Section 2-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Presidency Then and Now (cont.) Presidents preside over a White House staff numbering in the hundreds, a military force of millions, and a vast federal bureaucracy made up of all executive branch employees. In contrast, modern presidents’ schedules are timed minute by minute. 

36. Section 2-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Judicial Branch The Framers were not concerned about the power of the justices, allowing them to hold office for life. If judged by the length of Article III, the judicial branch appears to be the weakest of the branches of government. 

37. Section 2-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts One system consists of the federal courts, whose powers derive from the Constitution and federal laws.  The other includes the courts of each of the 50 states, whose powers derive from state constitutions and laws. The judiciary of the United States has two different systems of courts. 

38. Section 2-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts (cont.) Federal courts try cases that involve United States laws, treaties with foreign nations, interpretations of the Constitution, admiralty or maritime law, and bankruptcy. Every court has the authority to hear only certain kinds of cases. This authority is known as the jurisdiction of the court. 

39. Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Federal Courts Then and Now When the Supreme Court was not in session, justices had to hear appeals in faraway district courts.  Despite not having its own building until 1935, the Supreme Court heads a powerful branch of government. When the federal government first moved to Washington, D.C., in 1800, the Supreme Court met in a small chamber on the main floor of the Capitol. 

40. Section 2-20 Federal Courts Then and Now (cont.) Judicial review elevated the Supreme Court to a status balancing the powers of the other branches.  When it rules on constitutional issues, the Supreme Court cannot be overturned except by a constitutional amendment. The power to declare laws unconstitutional, known as judicial review, was established in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).  Marbury v. Madison Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.

41. Section 2-Assessment 1 Why did the Constitution specifically describe the powers of Congress, but remain vague about the powers of the president? Experience convinced the Founders that an unchecked legislature could pass repressive laws and endanger liberty, private property, and business. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

42. Section 2-Assessment 2 Which of the three branches of federal government seems to have the most power today? It depends how you look at it. In the public eye the executive branch may seem to have the most power, but that may be because of its high profile nature. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

43. End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 2

44. Section 3-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Amendment Process One way they provided for change was to describe how Congress and the states could amend the Constitution.  Amendments may be proposed and ratified, or approved, in two ways. The Founders created a Constitution that could be adapted to a future they could not foresee. 

45. Section 3-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Proposing Amendments This is the only method that has been used to date.  Dozens of resolutions asking for constitutional amendments are introduced in Congress each year, but very few win the necessary two-thirds vote. One method of proposing an amendment is by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress. 

46. Section 3-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Proposing Amendments (cont.) This method has never been used, but in recent history it has almost occurred twice.  In 1963 states began to petition, or appeal to, Congress for a convention to propose an amendment to overturn Supreme Court decisions affecting the election of state lawmakers. The campaign failed. The other method for proposing amendments is by a national convention called by Congress at the request of two- thirds of the states. 

47. Section 3-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Proposing Amendments (cont.) The convention method of proposing amendments is controversial, because such a convention is not required to limit itself to a specific amendment. Between 1975 and 1991, 32 state legislatures petitioned Congress for a convention to propose an amendment requiring a balanced budget–one in which the federal government’s spending never exceeds its income. 

48. Section 3-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ratifying Amendments One way is for legislatures in three-fourths of the states to ratify it. The other is for each state to call a special ratifying convention.  The amendment becomes part of the Constitution when three-fourths of these conventions approve it. When an amendment is proposed, Congress chooses one of two methods for states to approve it. 

49. Section 3-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ratifying Amendments (cont.) The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) would have prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender.  When 5 of the 35 states that approved the ERA later revoked their ratification, many constitutional scholars contended that the revocations were unconstitutional.  The courts, however, never resolved the issue. A question arises when a state legislature approves an amendment and then revokes the ratification. Is this legal? 

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51. Section 3-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Congress Sets the Rules In modern times, Congress has set the limit at seven years. In addition to deciding which ratification method will be used, Congress decides how much time the states will have to ratify an amendment. 

52. Section 3-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Informal Changes Rather, informal changes occur as government leaders and citizens fill in the details of the government on a day-to-day, year-to-year basis. Informal changes do not involve changing the wording of the Constitution itself. 

53. Section 3-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Changes Through Law The Founders gave Congress authority to spell out many details of the national government.  Article I, for example, gives Congress the power to “lay and collect taxes.” Congress has applied the taxing authority of the Constitution and expanded its meaning by passing complex tax laws that fill many volumes. Congress has passed laws that have enlarged or clarified many of the Constitution’s provisions. 

54. Section 3-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Under the Constitution, the House may impeach, or accuse, federal officials, while it is up to the Senate to determine the accused person’s guilt or innocence.  Congress has investigated more than 60 people on impeachment charges, including three presidents–Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton. Congress has also shaped the Constitution by the way it has used its other powers.  Changes Through Practices

55. Section 3-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Informal Presidential Changes Presidential actions have added to the Constitution and affect the workings of the modern presidency.

56. Section 3-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Presidential Succession –When William Henry Harrison became the first president to die in office, Vice President John Tyler took the presidential oath of office.  –Many officials opposed Tyler’s interpretation of the Constitution, but his precedent was formally endorsed in the Constitution when the Twenty- fifth Amendment was ratified in 1967. When a president dies in office, does the vice president actually become president, or merely act as president until the next election? 

57. Section 3-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Foreign Affairs While a treaty is an agreement between nations, an executive agreement is made directly between the president and the head of state of another country. Modern presidents usually conduct foreign affairs by executive agreement, instead of using the treaty process specified in the Constitution. 

58. Section 3-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Domestic Affairs Yet in this century, presidents have been aggressive in requesting legislation from Congress.  Today the president plays a far greater and more powerful role in American government and politics than most of the Founders ever imagined. The Founders thought the executive branch would be concerned mostly with carrying out laws initiated by Congress. 

59. Section 3-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Court Decisions As the Supreme Court and federal courts settle cases involving constitutional questions, they interpret the meaning of the Constitution’s sometimes vague words and phrases.

60. Section 3-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Judicial Review Although the principle of judicial review is well established, some people advocate judicial restraint, while others advocate judicial activism. The most important device the Court uses to interpret the Constitution is judicial review. 

61. Section 3-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Judicial Review (cont.) The Court should uphold acts of Congress unless the acts clearly violate a specific provision of the Constitution.  The philosophy of judicial activism holds that the Court should play a role in shaping national policies. The Court should apply the Constitution to social and political questions. Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions. 

62. Section 3-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Judicial Review (cont.) Although judicial activism is usually associated with liberal issues, it can mark either a conservative or liberal court.  However, political liberals have tended to support activism, while conservatives have argued for judicial restraint. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren–from 1953 to 1969–accepted cases involving many controversial issues, particularly civil rights and the rights of the accused. 

63. Section 3-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Changing Court Rulings In 1896, for example, the Court ruled that “separate but equal” public facilities for African Americans were legal.  More than half a century later, in 1954, the Court reversed its position when it decided to outlaw racial segregation in public schools. Social and political conditions of the times have caused the Court occasionally to reverse its interpretations of the Constitution. 

64. Section 3-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Changes Through Custom and Usage The amendments added to the Constitution and changes achieved through precedent and practice have created a government that can respond to the conditions and needs of the times.  Thus, the Constitution has continued for more than two centuries to serve as the supreme law of the land. The Constitution has been informally enlarged through customs, such as political parties, that have developed over time. 

65. Section 3-Assessment 1 How does the amendment process illustrate federalism? Amendments are proposed at a national level, but they are ratified on a state-by-state basis. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

66. Section 3-Assessment 2 What are the primary ways that informal changes are made in the Constitution? Informal changes are primarily made to the Constitution through congressional legislation and practices, presidential actions, court decisions, and custom and usage. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

67. End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 3

68. Section 4-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Freedom Within Limits –Slander is false speech intended to damage a person’s reputation.  –Libel is similar to slander, except that it applies to written or published statements.  –Endangering the nation’s safety by giving away military secrets or calling for the violent overthrow of the government is not protected.  –Speech should be responsible, also. For example, no one has the right to cry “Fire!” in a crowded theater just to see what happens. The freedoms of speech and press are not unlimited. The following forms of speech are not protected: 

69. Section 4-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Freedom Within Limits (cont.) Finally, the rights to sign petitions in support of an idea, to present those petitions to government officials, and to send letters to those officials are all protected. Another freedom the First Amendment protects is the right to assemble in groups and hold demonstrations to call attention to a group’s beliefs. 

70. Section 4-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Fourth Amendment It requires authorities to have a specific reason to search a premises or to seize evidence or people.  To be lawful, a search or an arrest must be based on probable cause, meaning that police must have a reasonable basis to believe the person or premises is linked to a crime. To guard against intrusive searches and seizures, the Fourth Amendment protects the right to privacy. 

71. Section 4-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Fourth Amendment (cont.) These are orders signed by a judge describing a specific place to be searched for specific items or naming the individual to be arrested for a specific crime. A search or an arrest also usually requires a search warrant or an arrest warrant. 

72. Section 4-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Fifth Amendment –No one can be tried for a serious crime unless a grand jury has decided there is enough evidence to justify a trial.  –A person who is found innocent of a crime may not be tried again for the same offense.  –No one may be forced to testify against himself or herself.  –The government may not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The Fifth Amendment contains four important protections for people accused of crimes: 

73. Section 4-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Fifth Amendment (cont.) The Fifth Amendment also defines government’s right of eminent domain– the power of the government to take private property for public use.  The government must pay a fair price for the property taken and must use it in a way that benefits the public. Due process means that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals. 

74. Section 4-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Sixth Amendment –A basic protection is the right to a speedy, public trial by an impartial jury.  –An accused person may ask to be tried by a judge alone, or for a change of venue, or new trial location.  –Accused persons also have the right to know the charges against them, to hear and question all witnesses against them, and to be defended by a lawyer. The Sixth Amendment gives an accused person several important rights: 

75. Section 4-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Seventh Amendment When both parties in conflict agree, however, a judge rather than a jury may hear evidence and settle the case. The Seventh Amendment provides for the right to a jury trial in federal courts to settle all disputes about property worth more than $20. 

76. Section 4-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Eighth Amendment The Eighth Amendment also prevents judges from ordering someone convicted of a crime to pay an excessive fine. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail–money or property that the accused deposits with the court to gain release from jail until the trial. 

77. Section 4-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Eighth Amendment (cont.) The Eighth Amendment also has been used to limit the use of the death penalty in some circumstances. Finally, this amendment bans “cruel and unusual punishment” for crimes. These are punishments that are out of proportion to the crime committed. 

78. Section 4-Assessment 2 How do the amendments to the Constitution show the development of democracy in the United States? As democracy evolved, slavery and poll taxes were outlawed, suffrage was expanded, and opportunities to participate in the government were expanded. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

79. End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 4

80. Chapter Assessment (1) What are the six goals of American government as identified in the Preamble to the Constitution? 1. To form a more perfect union 2. Establish justice 3. Ensure domestic tranquility 4. Provide for common defense 5. Promote general welfare 6. Secure blessings of liberty Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

81. Chapter Assessment (2) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. 1. Popular sovereignty 2. Federalism 3. Separation of powers 4. Checks and balances 5. Judicial review 6. Limited government Identify the six major principles of government on which the Constitution is based.

82. Chapter Assessment (3) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The constitutional principle is separation of powers. What is the constitutional principle illustrated by the division of the national government into three branches?

83. Chapter Assessment (4) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. List five presidential powers as specified in the Constitution. 1. Serves as commander in chief of armed forces and state militias 2. Appoints heads of executive departments 3. May pardon people convicted of federal crimes except in cases of impeachment 4. Make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate 5. Appoints ambassadors, federal court judges, and other top officials

84. Chapter Assessment (5) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Proposed: Amendments are proposed by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress or by national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the states. Ratified: Amendments are ratified by legislatures of three-fourths of the states or by special conventions in three-fourths of the states. Describe how an amendment to the Constitution is proposed and ratified.

85. Chapter Assessment (6) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Constitution can be changed informally through laws passed by Congress, congressional practices, presidential practices, court decisions, and custom and usage. In what ways may the Constitution be changed informally?

86. Chapter Assessment (7) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Today political parties help organize government and conduct elections. Describe a way in which a custom has enlarged the Constitution.

87. Chapter Assessment (10) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The legislative branch would gain more power than the judicial branch, or it would make the system of checks and balances less effective. How would the federal system of government be affected if the Supreme Court did not have the power of judicial review?

88. Section Focus Transparency 3-1 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 1

89. Section Focus Transparency 1 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 3-1 (2 of 2) 1.the people of the United States 2.the people of the United States from the time of the Constitution onwards 3.Possible answers: Those words are symbolic; they emphasize the role of citizens in the government.

90. Section Focus Transparency 3-2 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 2

91. Section Focus Transparency 2 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 3-2 (2 of 2) 1.the judicial branch 2.the president 3.the legislative branch

92. Section Focus Transparency 3-3 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 3

93. Section Focus Transparency 3 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 3-3 (2 of 2) 1.21 2.none 3.It was not ratified and did not become law.

94. Section Focus Transparency 3-4 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 4

95. Section Focus Transparency 4 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 3-4 (2 of 2) 1.the 1960s 2.Amendments 22, 23, 24, and 26 3.Amendment 26, because it allowed many high school and college students to vote

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