1. LEVERAGE

2. Concept of Leverage
Leverage indicates the tool which can lift heavy weight by using a little force. Leverage in financial terms means any financial technique which can serve this purpose. It shows the magnification of force. That is why it is also termed as Gearing.
Leverage is the employment of an asset or fund for which the firm pays a fixed cost or fixed return.

3. Significance
The term leverage refers to a relationship between two interrelated variables.
In financial analysis, the leverage reflects the responsiveness or influence of one financial variable over some other financial variable.
It quantifies the relative changes in profit due to change in the sales. It depicts the change in fixed costs incurred to sell the goods.

4. Contd.
It helps the management in controlling operating costs or varying the profit with an element of risk.
It also helps in forecasting.
It helps in understanding the relationship between any two variables.
However, the two variables for which the relationship is to be established should be interrelated, otherwise, the leverage study may not have any useful purpose to serve.

5. Contd.
The two variables when varied show the relative changes. This variation is called “Degree of Leverage.”
% Change in dependent variable
Degree of Leverage =
% Change in independent variable

6. Master Table to Calculate the Leverage
Sales
Less: Variable Cost
Contribution
Less: Fixed Cost
Operating Profit or EBIT
Less: Interest
Earning before Tax (EBT)
Less: Tax
Earning after Tax
Less: Preference Dividend
Earning Available to Equity Shareholder

7. Contd. Leverages - Interest Profit Before Tax - Tax Profit After Tax
Sales Revenues
Leverages
EBIT
- Variable Cost
- Interest
Contribution
Profit Before Tax
-Fixed Cost
- Tax
Profit After Tax

8. Types of Leverages: Operating Leverage Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage

9. Contd.
The relationship between sales revenue & EBIT is defined as Operating Leverage & relationship between EBIT & EPS is defined as Financial Leverage.

10. Contd.
The increase in the EBIT indicates fast recovery of fixed cost from sales revenues.
Lesser the fixed cost, more will be the EBIT and operating leverage.

11. Contd.
Increase in the Earning per Share (EPS) refers value addition in the shareholder’s wealth & vice- versa.
So, more the financial leverage more will be EPS.

12. Operating Leverage
The operating leverage shows the relationship between EBIT & Sales revenues.
Contribution
Operating Leverage =
EBIT

13. Contd.
The degree of operating leverage (DOL) can be expressed as follows.
% Change in EBIT
DOL =
% Change in Sales Revenue

14. Financial Leverage
The use of fixed charge sources of funds along with owner’s equity is described as financial leverage.
It focuses on earn more return on fixed charges funds (debt) than their costs.
High rate of financial leverage shows fast growth in EPS in the growing profit era. But in the declining profit phase it also shows fast decrease in the EPS.

15. Contd.
So, in short, we can say the leverage shows the pace of profit or loss.
It also shows relationship of fixed (Interest) & variable (Dividend) compensation paid or payable on debt & equity fund respectively.

16. Contd.
EBIT
Financial Leverage =
` EBT
EBT = EBIT – I
I= Interest

17. Contd. The degree of Financial Leverage can be expressed as follows.
% Change in EPS
DFL =
% Change in EBIT

18. Combined Leverage:
Combined leverage is combination of both the leverages.
Combined Leverage = Operating Leverage X Financial Leverage or
EBIT Contribution
Combined Leverage = X
EBT EBIT
Contribution
Combined Leverage =
EBT

19. Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Operating Leverage is related to the investment activities (capital expenditure decision)
Financial leverage is more concerned with financial matters. (Capital structure or Debt & equity mix)
The Fluctuation in the EBIT can be predicted with the help of operating leverage.
The change of EPS due to Debt equity mix is predicted by financial leverage.
Financial Manager Uses the operating leverage to identify the items of assets side of Balance Sheet.
The use of financial leverage is to make decision in the liability side of the Balance sheet.
Operating leverage is used to predict Business risk.
Financial leverage is used to analyses the financial risk.