1. Chapter 21 Chapter 17

2. 1. What do E-wastes consist of? 2. Where do most e-waste end up? What % are recyclable? 3. Name 3 metals and 4 toxic/hazardous pollutants that e-waste is composed of 4. how are dioxins released into the environment? 5. What is the goal of the International Basel Convention? Is it effective? Why or why not? 6. What is the cradle-to-grave approach? Who is utilizing it? 7. What type of countries is much of this E-waste shipped/smuggled to?

3.  Solid Waste- any unwanted/discarded material produced that is NOT a liquid or Gas  Two Categories: 1. Industrial solid waste 2. Municipal solid waste (MSW)  Hazardous/Toxic waste- any poisonous, dangerously chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable waste Threatens human health or the environment

4.  Produced by Mines Farms Industries  Produced in the supplying of goods and services Source Examples: Electric power generation Agriculture Food production Metal manufacturing Ferrous and non-ferrous Plastic & Resin manufacturing Pulp/paper industry Source: EPA

6. Non-Ferrous- alloy metals not containing [appreciable amounts of] Iron (Fe) Examples: Aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, gold, silver, platinum…. etc

7. Desirable Properties: Light weight High conductivity Non-magnetic Resistance to corrosion Environmental/health issues Recycling NFM: exposure hazards Skin disorders Respiratory issues Poisoning Extraction of: Causes pollution Pollution agents vary for different metals Sulfur dioxide Particulates Fluoride constituents

8.  Aka- garbage/trash  Produced by homes & workplaces Other than factories (remember- that’s Industrial!)  Examples: Paper/cardboard Food wastes Cans, bottles Plastics E-Wastes (Case study!!!)

9.  MSW in developed countries Usually buried in landfills or burned in incinerators  MSW in less-developed countries Usually ends up in open dumps where people rummage and re-use (sustainable? Or hazardous?)  Rapidly industrializing countries (like China) Economic growth=massive production=mountains of MSW Result: pollution of air, water and soil

10.  Solid and non-solid  Two largest classes: Organic compounds Toxic heavy metals  Radioactive waste

11.  Industrial solvents  Hospital medical wastes  Car batteries (lead and acids)  Household products  Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium)  Incinerator ash

12.  Solvents Used to dissolve, thin/mix, or clean substances or produce other chemicals 3 types  Hydrocarbon  Oxygenated  Halogenated  Pesticides Persistent organic pesticides (POPs) like DDT Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)- now banned  Mixture of 209 non-naturally occurring chlorine compounds

13.  Considered a type of POP  Colorless to light yellow Oily liquid or waxy solid Tasteless and odorless  Health concerns- Endocrine disruptors  Production stopped in US 1977 Used in a wide variety of products: Insulation, fillers, plasticizers, pesticides to name a few  Exposure Persisting in old products Air, water, soil Bioaccumulation (fat soluble)

14.  All contain C, H, O, and Cl Example: TCDD- C 12 H 4 Cl 4 O 2  POP, endocrine disruptors Include many PCBs  Some Major Sources: Waste incineration Chlorine bleaching Copper smelting  Agent Orange herbicide ingredient Used as defoliant in Vietnam War

15.  Extremely widespread Everyone has some level in the body  Air, water, food Breathing contaminated air (incineration effect) Bio accumulated (breast milk, fatty animal products) Handling pesticides

16.  Non-biodegradable  Lead (Pb) Naturally occurring: rocks, soil Non-natural production: burning fossil fuels Uses: batteries, pipes, ammunition, construction materials Health concerns: carcinogenic, neurotoxin  Arsenic (As) Rare in the environment- usually bonded with O or Cl By-product in smelting (copper, cobalt, lead) Use: wood preservative, pesticides, solders and medicine Health concerns: poison, neurotoxin, carcinogen

17.  Mercury (Hg) Naturally occurring element Found in crude oil  Natural release into atmosphere via: Rocks, soil, volcanoes, ocean vaporization  Anthropogenic release: Coal-burning, waste incinerators, cement kilns Rain-wash deposits atmospheric form to soil and water  Combines with other elements Forming even more toxic compounds Methylmercury (organic)- converted by bacteria Largely bio-accumulated in aquatic environments

18.  Humans exposed in 3 ways 1. Inhalation:  Vaporized or inorganic particulate (HgS, HgCl 2 ) 2. Consumption  Highly contaminated FISH  High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)  Health risks Neurotoxin- brain damage Immune system harm  Commercial Uses Thermometers, mirror coatings, electrical equipment, gold/silver extraction Dental fillings, pharmaceuticals, batteries

19.  Produced by nuclear power plants/ nuclear weapons facilities  Waste must be STORED For 10,000-240,000 years depending on isotopes  Radioactive decay No scientifically nor politically acceptable ways to safely isolate/dispose  Health Hazard: Carcinogens  Examples: Uranium (weakly toxic)  Radon (highly toxic)

20.  Cause temporary or permanent harm/death  3 major types: 1. Carcinogen- causing cancer  Up to 10-40 year time lapse of detection 2. Mutagens-cause/increase frequency of mutations  Changes in DNA  Many lead to cancer 3. Teratogens- cause birth defects to fetus/embryo  Ethyl alcohol, angel dust, benzene, formaldehyde

21.  In terms of human health: 1. PCBs 2. Arsenic 3. PVCs (plastics) 4. Mercury 5. Lead  Video Assignment to come with these Chemicals…

22.  Read Article in groups  Find 4 opinions 2 on the Pro-coal ash regulation 2 on the anti-coal ash regulation  Find factual backing for each opinion within the article  Be prepared to defend a side- even the one you do not agree with

23.  Find examples of each organic solvent we discussed Compare/contrast their use, hazards, persistence, and effect on the environment 1. Hydrocarbon 2. Oxygenated 3. Halogenated

24.  Leader in total solid waste production (Miller 2012) 1/3 of world’s solid waste Mostly from mining (76%) Agriculture (13%) Industry (9.5%) MSW (1.5%)  Not-so-fun-fact: For every 0.5 kg of electronic product, ~3600 kg of solid & liquid waste were created in manufacturing it

26.  2 approaches: Waste Management: attempt to reduce environmental harm without reducing amount of waste produced Waste Reduction: Produce less waste and pollution  Waste produced can be potential resources  No single solution- need integrated waste management Variety of coordinated strategies Disposal and reduction

28.  Re-DUCE Consume less Live simpler lifestyles  Re-USE Avoid the trashcan  Re-CYCLE Reprocess material for other uses First 2 (reduce, reuse) are environmentally preferred -input/prevention methods

29. 1. Develop products that require less material and energy Cars weigh 25% less now than 1960 2. Develop reusable & recyclable products Also saves producer costs 3. Eliminate/reduce unnecessary packing 4. Fee-per-bag waste collection system Charge for amount of waste, but free pick-up 5. Cradle-to-Grave responsibility laws 6. Ride a bike, take a bus Reduce vehicle manufacturing waste

30.  Many ways to make use of old items Use them for the same purpose again Use them for a different purpose

31.  2 types of recycling Closed-Loop (Primary): recycled into the same product Open-Loop (Secondary): recycled into different products  Sometimes considered “downgrading”

32.  MRF- materials recovery facilities Mixed waste sent to sorting facility Separate recyclables via machines or workers Recovered valuables sent to manufacturers combustible waste used to power facility via burning  Downside: Expensive to build, operate, and maintain If not operated properly-produce significant pollution Encourages waste production

33. Makes more sense (economically & environmentally) to sort waste at home or business Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT): fee per bag collection Does not charge for separated recyclables Encourages recycling Some U.S. cities institute such programs How would you vote on such a program in your community?

34. Uses decomposing bacteria to breakdown biodegradable organic waste in the presence of O 2  Resulting material added to soil Supplies plant nutrients Slows soil erosion Retains water http://eartheasy.com/grow_compost.html

35.  Relatively easy to do Requires removal of ink, glue, and coating Reconvert paper to pulp  Uses 64% less energy than and produces less pollution thank making new paper Plus- no trees are cut down

36.  Cl and Cl compounds used to bleach 40% paper produced Corrosive to processing equipment Hazardous for workers Harmful to environment  Solution: alternative chemicals H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) O 2

37.  Plastics consist of large polymers: resins Organic molecules linked to organic molecules Made mostly from oil and natural gas  46 different types of plastics Mostly petrochemicals (petroleum-based) Bioplastics  Made from corn, soy, sugarcane, switchgrass, etc

38. Types of Plastics

39.  #1- PET (PETE)- Easily recycled  #2- Polyvynyl chloride (PVC)- Toxicity Chlorine compounds make it subject to release of dioxins Requires many chemical additives to produce  Phthalates not chemically bonded and leach out

40.  Separate into: Compost: no meats, no perennial weeds, no diseased plants Plastics Glass Metals Paper/cardboard: (can also be used for compost) Recyclable material must have a certain degree of sanitation

41.  Nuclear Power Plants Energy generated through nuclear fission reaction Fuel source: uranium ore Nuclear splitting of atoms produces heat to boil water  Water to steam, which turns generator  electricity  Solid waste produced: From pre-op mining of uranium Radioactive depleted/spent fuel rods Radioactive reactors needed to be dismantled

42. Fig. 15-20a, p. 387 Small amounts of radioactive gases Uranium fuel input (reactor core) Containment shell Waste heat Control rods Heat exchanger SteamTurbine Generator Hot coolant Useful electrical energy about 25% Hot water output Coolant Moderator Cool water input Waste heat Shielding Pressure vessel Coolant passage WaterCondenser Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes Water source (river, lake, ocean)

43.  Nuclear Power Plants do not emit greenhouse gas emissions  Mining of uranium and its transport require the use of fossil-fuel burning machinery Hence, this process releases greenhouse gas emissions

44. The amount of time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a given quantity of a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope. Decay continues, often producing a series of different radioisotopes, until a stable, nonradioactive isotope is formed. The half-life estimates how long a sample of radioactive isotope must be stored in a safe container before it decays to a safe level and can be released into the environment. A general rule is that such decay to a safe level takes about 10 half-lives.

45. How is energy conserved though reuse?

46. 1. Identify 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of waste incineration 2. Compare how MSW is buried in more-developed countries vs. less-developed countries 3. Identify 2 plants that can be utilized for phytoremediation and describe how each detoxifies soil 4. What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages for using surface impoundments to deal with liquid hazardous waste?

47.  Waste-to-energy incinerators (see figure on next slide) 600 globally- mostly in Britain Not many in U.S do to social and economic opposition Advantages: Reduce trash volume Produce energy Concentrate hazardous material into ash for burial Sale of energy reduces cost Disadvantages: Expensive to build Produce hazardous waste Emits some CO2 and air pollutants Encourages waste production

49.  54% of MSW in US  2 types: 1. Open dumps  Rare in more-developed countries  Fields or holes in the ground  Trash deposited, sometimes burned 2. Sanitary Landfills  Waste spread out in thin layers  Covered daily with layer of clay or plastic foam  Reduces leakage of contaminated water  Reduces odor, vermin, fire risk

50.  Quick-Chem fact Anaerobic waste decomposition produces methane gas  Describe how landfills can effect climate change

54.  Integrated Management: 1. Produce LESS toxic material 2. Reuse or recycle it 3. Safely store it

55.  Coltan Mining in the African Congo Metallic ore used in cellphone- produces electrical charge  Home to endangered gorillas  Zoo cell phone recycling programs  Watch livescience.com green minute

56.  E-waste recycling operations in less- developed countries Employ many children Exposed to toxic chemicals 70% of worlds e-waste ends up in China  Environmental and health conscious smelters meet strict standards Canada and European Union None in US Expensive- thus much of e-waste in EU smuggled to less developed countries

57.  Physical Detox: Distillation using resin or charcoal to filter out harmful solids Encapsulated in glass, cement, or ceramics Securely stored  Chemical Detox: Converting toxic chemicals to non-toxic or less toxic Cyclodextrin- sugar made from cornstarch  Currently being tested for use

58.  Nanomagnets Removes various pollutants from water Example: chitosan-coated nanoparticles  Removes oil and organic pollutants  Biological Detox: Bioremediation- uses microrganisms and enzymes to destroy targeted toxic compounds Phytoremediation- uses plants to absorb, filter, and remove contaminants from polluted soil  Various plants considered “pollution sponges” Biological detox is very slow working, yet inexpensive

60.  Plasma Arc Torch Plasma- electrically conductive ionized gas  Hotter than surface of sun! Similar to a welding torch Can break down toxic material at very high temps  Decomposes liqu/solid toxic waste into CO, CO2, and H2 gases Produces no toxic ash  Only issue is its very expensive and does produce CO, CO2, and potentially Cl gas

62.  Deep-well disposal- liquid toxic wastes pumped through a pipe far beneath aquifer Most common form of burial Theoretically sound method- absorbs into porous rock Reality: limited # of sites and space, leakage possible  Surface Impoundments Lined, open ponds, pits, or lagoons Water evaporates, waste settles and concentrates This approach has several susceptible downfalls Currently, burial is the most widely used method in US and most other countries

63. Fig. 21-21, p. 577

65. Some toxic materials cannot be destroyed, detoxified, or safely buried Such material should be contained into secure metal drums Can be placed above or below ground Should be accessible for regular inspection Least used method  very expensive

66. Fig. 21-23, p. 577

67. Only 5% of hazardous waste is regulated in the US… Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA-1976) EPA sets standards for certain types of hazardous waste Issues permits, must use cradle-to-grave system Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Aka- Superfund Act I.D hazardous waste contamination sites Place on National Priorities List and clean up 2010- 1,300 sites; 340 cleaned up

68.  Grassroots Action: Bottom-up citizen movements to organize environmental movements “Not in my back yard” (NIMBY) approach  Environmental Justice Everyone is entitled to protection from environmental hazard Polluted communities populated mostly by minority groups  African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native American  Clean up much faster in white communites

69.  Basel Convention (1992) Banned developed countries from shipping hazardous waste to other countries without consent  Stockholm Convention on POPs (2000) Regulates use of 12 common POPs (dirty dozen) Includes DDT, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans  Sweden (2000)- passed law to ban all persistent chemicals by 2020 Reverse policies in US and most other countries

70. 1. Everything is connected 2. There is no away in throw away 3. Polluters and producers should pay for the wastes they produce 4. We can mimic nature as some solutions

71.  Reuse/recycle minerals and chemicals  Resource Exchange Webs One manufacturers waste=another manufacturers raw materials Eco-industrial parks or industrial ecosystems  example in Denmark

73. 73 The Love Canal neighborhood is in the city of Niagara Falls, New York. In 1978 the neighborhood included about 800 homes, 240 low-income apartments, and the 99 th Street Elementary School. The neighborhood was located over and around a landfill that had been active in earlier decades. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11 /25/booming/love-canal-and-its- mixed-legacy.html

74.  The land was sold in 1920 and became a municipal and industrial dump site.  From 1942 to 1953, Hooker Chemical dumped about 21,000 tons of ‘toxic chemicals” at the site. 74

75.  In 1953 the landfill was covered with layers of dirt.  The Niagara Falls Board of Education bought the site from Hooker Chemical.  As the city started to grow into the area, the 99 th Street Elementary School was built over the landfill, and homes were built around the site. 75

76.  From the late 1950s into the 1970s, residents reported foul odors and complained that “substances” were seeping into their basements, yards, and the school playground.  The city assisted by covering up the seeping “substances.”  Tests found high levels of PCB’s in storm sewers and toxic chemicals in wells. 76

77. 77  Reports suggested that there was an unusually high rate of birth defects and miscarriages among Love Canal families.  In 1980 the EPA announced that chromosome damage had been found in 11 out of 36 residents tested in the area.  There has not been conclusive proof of a link between Love Canal and any illness.  The health of residents of the Love Canal area is being monitored in a number of ongoing studies.