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Foundations of Cognitive Psychology Part 2 – History of Cognitive Psychology.

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2 Foundations of Cognitive Psychology Part 2 – History of Cognitive Psychology

3 Contributors to the History of Psychology

4 Early Studies of Mental Processes Relating Physical Stimuli and Psychological Phenomena - mental processes that underlie intelligent behavior are unobservable Pythagoras (584-495 BC) - Greek mathematician – String plucking

5 Early Philosophical Views on the Mind How do people acquire knowledge and how do they maintain it over time? Socrates (469-399 BC) Plato (427-347 BC) Aristotle (384-322 BC)

6 British Empiricists and Associationists knowledge is gained through experience with the world and that experiences with the world are stored in the mind as associations. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) John Locke (1623-1704) James Mill (1773-1836) John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

7 PSYCHOPHYSICS Study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and properties taken on when the stimulus is filtered through subjective experience Early studies of the nervous system and development of psychophysics –Johannes Mueller (1801-1858) –Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) –Gustav Fechner (1801-1878) –Paul Broca (1824-1880) –Carl Wernicke (1848-1904) –Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

8 Structuralism The primary goal of psychology is to specify conscious experience through introspection Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Edward Titchener (1867- 1927)

9 Functionalism Interested in the study of the functions of the mind; emphasis on cause and effect, prediction and control, and observation of environment and behavior William James (1842-1910) James Rowland Angell (1869– 1949)

10 Gestalt Psychology Emphasis on the importance of whole patterns in perception rather than perception of individual parts (the whole is different from the sum of its parts.) Max Wertheimer (1880- 1943) Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) Wolfgang Kohler (1887- 1967)

11 Behaviorism Stressed studying observable events rather than unobservable mental processes; learning consists of developing associations between stimuli and responses Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) John B. Watson (1878-1958) Clark Hull (1884-1952) Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959) B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

12 History of Cognitive Psychology – Love/Hate Relationships

13 Cognitive Psychologists and Studies Early memory studies –Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) –Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969) –George A. Miller (1920-) Metaphors of Cognition and Brain Structure –Information-processing model - Lachman, Lachman, and Butterfield (1979) –Connectionism – McClelland & Rumelhart, 1985; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986) Cognitive Science Cognitive Neuroscience

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