1. Chapter 9

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Define the key words. Explain the fundamental concept of digital radiography. Differentiate between direct and indirect digital imaging. List the equipment used in digital imaging. List and describe three types of digital image receptors.

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Discuss digital radiography’s effect on radiation exposure. List and describe five software features used to enhance digital image interpretation. Identify advantages and limitations of digital radiography.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital radiographs, or filmless imaging, are rapidly becoming an integral part of the paperless oral health care practice. A computer approach to x-rays will improve the quality of oral health care while reducing radiation exposure for the patient.

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson The dental assistant and dental hygienist must understand basic concepts of digital radiography to use digital technology.

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital imaging systems used in dentistry replace film with a solid state (no moving parts) image receptor called a sensor or a polyester plate covered with phosphor crystals called a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate.

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Detect, confirm, and classify oral diseases and lesions Detect and evaluate trauma Evaluate growth and development Provide information during dental procedures (i.e., root canal therapy and surgery)

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson The main difference between film-based radiography and digital imaging is that the film is replaced with a digital image receptor.

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Direct digital imaging — charged-couple device (CCD) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies work equally well at converting x-rays into an electronic signal that is sent to the computer. Indirect digital imaging — uses photostimuable phosphor (PSP) plate sensor technology

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson X-ray machine Image receptors Computer Software

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Software: software programs allow the operator to manipulate programs. Features include: Side-by-side displays of images Magnification Density and contrast Measurement tools

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Software: software programs allow the operator to manipulate programs. Features include: Charting Digital subtraction Artificial intelligence Other features

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Spatial resolution — number and size of pixels Gray scale — number of shades of gray visible on an image The goal of digital imaging systems is to produce high-quality diagnostic images. The combination of pixels, spatial resolution, and gray scale determines the quality of the final image.

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Allows different digital systems to interface with each other. The American Dental Association Informatics Task Group has recommended that the DICOM standard be used for dental imaging systems. Oral health care practice of the near future will most likely see a decreased use of film-based radiography.

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital radiography is a method of capturing a radiographic image and displaying it on a computer screen. Film-based radiographs may be digitized by scanning or photographing to convert these analog images to digital files.

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Direct digital imaging — replaces film with a solid state sensor, that contains an electronic chip based on either CCD technology or CMOS technology. Indirect digital imaging — replaces film with a photostimuable phosphor (PSP) plate covered with a storage phosphor that captures the analog image similar to the action of film.

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson  Digital imaging requires the use of a conventional dental x-ray unit, CCD or CMOS sensor or PSP plate, computer, and special software.  Special software is required and allows for manipulation of the image. Features include multiple views, magnification, measuring, charting tools, digital subtraction, and artificial intelligence.

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital radiography advantages include radiation dose reduction, instant images, elimination of the darkroom and chemicals and hazardous wastes, potential for improved interpretation through image manipulation, ability to transmit the images electronically, and effective patient education.

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital radiography limitations include retakes which could lead to excess radiation exposure, adherence to DICOM for transferring images between different systems, increased sensor width, decreased recording area, initial costs to convert to digital imaging, infection control, memory storage, computer crashes, and interrupted access to the data.

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson General Chapter Review

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson The oral health care practice where you are employed is considering purchasing a digital radiography system. Using the Internet, search for companies that manufacture and sell dental digital imaging products. From your research, choose two companies and compare their two products.

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. A.What are the names of the companies that manufacture the products you chose to compare? B.What are the names of the digital radiography systems they manufacture/sell?

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. C.Do these digital systems have special computer requirements, or can they be used with the computer currently in use at your practice? D.What type of sensor does each offer? How are they alike? How are they different?

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. E.What size sensors are available? F.Are special sensor holding devices required for positioning the sensor intraorally? Where can these be purchased?

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. G.What are the infection control guidelines for the sensor? Does the company make custom-sized plastic barriers that fit the sensor?

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. H.Does software come with the purchase of the digital radiography system? What features are included that will allow the operator to enhance the image for interpretation? I.Are the companies adhering to DICOM standards?

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. J.Does the company offer training for your oral health care team to learn to operate the system? Is there training in digital radiographic interpretation? Is there a fee for service and/or maintenance to the system after purchase?

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. K.Does the company offer articles or reviews of their products by outside agencies that support their marketing claims? L.Based on what you learned in this chapter, prepare a list of advantages and limitations of each of these products.

59. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Prepare an analysis to help your practice decide what digital radiography system will be the best choice. Contact the company for literature or additional information as needed to answer the following questions about each of the products. M.Based on your research, which product would you recommend your practice purchase, and why?

60. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Proceed to Chapter 9, Laboratory Application, to complete this activity.