1. Nov.19, 2004 Jon Stuart, Ph. D Task Analysis: A Foundation for Safety

2. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 2 What is task analysis? The benefits Critical components of task analysis – example Using task analysis across the organization Practical considerations Presentation Overview

3. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 3 Your main goal is improving safety A key component of improving safety is reducing human error  Reduce the number of errors  Put defenses in place to reduce their impact Why use task analysis? Because it builds a concrete, thorough description of what people do Task Analysis

4. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 4 Systematic (thorough) Easy to learn  Demystifies human behavior; don’t need to be a psychologist Clear communication of outputs:  To subject matter experts; to safety teams Easy to adapt:  To different analyst styles; to a wide range of problems  To a high level or detailed approach to analysis Foundation for many activities Reduces design churn First step for more complex analyses Focus is on the human part of the system Benefits of Using Task Analysis

5. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 5 HTA is the concrete representation of the actions taken towards user goals and the logical relationship between those steps. Tasks are broken down into their sub-components, plans describe how all the pieces fit together Components  Tasks (sometimes called goals or operations); Verb/action/qualifier  Subtasks  Plans  Task details Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)

6. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 6 Error reduction Training Analysis Documentation Design Systems analysis Others … Using Task Analysis Across the Organization

7. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 7 Use the task analysis as the basis for reviewing the human aspects of the system – for the Critical Tasks Develop the following task details  Performance shaping factors  Potential error  Hazard  Potential consequences  Severity  Likelihood  Mitigation strategy Error Reduction

8. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 8 Use the task analysis as the basis for identifying:  What could be included in a training program  The areas where most training is required using DIF calculations Task Difficulty Task Frequency Task Importance  Key components of competency based learning Competency type, competency description Procedural knowledge, declarative knowledge, strategic knowledge, attitudes Outcome measures Performance levels and required performance level Training Analysis

9. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 9 Use the task analysis to structure the documentation around the user’s goals Use the task analysis as a way of speeding the communication between systems designers and technical writers Re-use the task analysis for later product updates Documentation Design

10. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 10 Use the task analysis as a communications tool between  Systems architects  Documentation  Testing  Marketing  Support  Human Factors Use the task analysis as the basis for identifying”  Areas where tasks can be simplified  High risk operations  Areas where tasks can be allocated to machines System Analysis

11. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 11 Scope of analysis Depth of analysis Experience of the analyst: time, quality of results Availability of subject matter experts Needs of other teams Criticality of the project Tools available Practical Considerations

12. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 12 To improve human reliability you need to know  who the people are,  what they do and  what they’re using to accomplish their goals A systematic process is required to analyze these aspects of the system The results need to be easy to communicate The results need to be easy to re-use Task Analysis fulfills all of these needs. AND It focuses on behaviour HTA – A Foundation for Safety

13. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 13 www.TaskArchitect.com

14. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 14 HAZOP THERP GOMS Cognitive Task Analysis Cognitive Modeling Simulation of Human Performance Advanced Analysis

15. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 15 Task Flows Event Trees/Decision Trees State Diagrams Data Flow Diagrams Other “Task Analysis” Methods

16. 11/22/2015Jon Stuart, Ph.D 16 1. Annett, J., Duncan, K. D., Stammers, R. B., & Gray, M. J. (1971). Task analysis. Department of Employment Training Information Paper No. 6. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO). 2. Annett, J. and Stanton, N. (Eds.) (2000) Task Analysis, London, Taylor & Francis. 3. Annett, J. (2003) Hierarchical Task Analysis, In Holnagel, E. (2003), Handbook of Cognitive Task Design, Chapter 2, pp17-35. Mawhah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 4. Shepherd, A. (2001), Hierarchical Task Analysis, Taylor and Frances, London. 5. MIL-H-46855B Further Reading