1. From specimens to drawers Stefan Schmidt, Jörg Spela Zoologische Staatssammlung München – Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Mass digitisation efforts at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich, Germany SNSB - Bavarian Natural History Collections

2. The Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Insects Coleoptera3.5 million Diptera400 000 Insecta varia200 000 Hemiptera500 000 Hymenoptera3 million Lepidoptera10 million Collections

3. Specimen level digitisation: Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Standard drawers12,500 Specimens (incl. accessions)3 million Type specimens6,250 Specimens digitised (DNA Barcoding) 26,330 (0.04%) Type specimens digitised (GBIF) 1,284 (21%) (625 Symphyta, 659 Ichneumonidae)

4. Specimen level digitisation: Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Standard drawers12,500 Specimens (incl. accessions)3 million Type specimens6,250 Specimens digitised (DNA Barcoding) 26,330 (0.04%) Type specimens digitised (GBIF) 1,284 (21%) (625 Symphyta, 659 Ichneumonidae)

5. Specimen level digitisation: Types At mininum: 2-3 images of specimen Label Metadata: original combination

6. Specimen level digitisation: DNA- Barcoding 1 image of specimen Metadata: Voucher info: specimen ID, collection code, institution storing Taxonomy: phylum, class, order family, genus, species, identifier Specimen details: sex, reproduction, life stage Collection data: collector, collection date, country, state/province, exact site, latitude, longitude, elevation

7. Whole drawer digitisation: first attempts

8. Whole drawer digitisation using Gigapan Gigapan panoramic head with compact camera

9. Whole drawer scanning using the GigaPan system Advantages Relatively low costs ($ 1,000–1,500) No parallax error Disadvantages Strong barrel distortion Focussing problems with autofocus Slow (10–15 minutes per drawer)

10. Whole drawer digitisation with DScan Advantages Fast (3–4 minutes per drawer) No barrel distortion No change of object distance Resolution adjustable by object distance Disadvantages No portability More expensive ($ 40,000 for the whole setup) Risk of parallax error

11. GigaPan + Camera Drawer scanner Whole drawer scanning: parallax error

12. DScan: Camera + Lens Combinations CameraSensor (MPix) Lens (macro) Distance (cm) Images per drawer Megapixel DSLR1290 mm6056310 DSLR1290 mm5299500 DSRL2490 mm6056520 DSLR2460 mm6030400 DSLR24105 mm6099670

13. DScan: Time Requirements ProcessTimes (minutes Scanning3–43–4 Stitching4–54–5 Creation of multi resolution image1.5 56 images per drawer http://media.zsm-entomology.de/dd/hym/HD-2012-0007/HD-2012-0007.html http://media.zsm-entomology.de/dd/lep/ZSM-LD-0000010-1402.html

14. DScan: Examples http://media.zsm-entomology.de/dd/hym/HD-2012-0007/HD-2012-0007.html http://media.zsm-entomology.de/dd/lep/ZSM-LD-0000010-1402.html

15. Digitisation time requirements Object type / unitMetadataTime (minutes) Whole insect drawer (50–300 specimens)ID, species30 Specimen + label (3–4 images)ID, species30 Microscope slideID, species10 Slide preparation with extended DOFID, species30 DNA barcoding voucherID, label data10

16. WDD: current activities and challenges DScan upgrade replacing stepper with servo motors simplified graphical UI presets for different scan programs Improving image workflow Focus stacking to improve DOF Management of drawer data and images (Diversity Workbench) Replacing proprietary with open source software Ditigisation of special collections (local, historic collections) Virtual collections (ZSM, MfN)