1. 1 salt crystals 6 helium (in a balloon) 2 FeSO 4.7H 2 O(s) 7 steel 3 aluminium foil 8 ice 4 HNO 3 (aq) 9 CH 3 COOH(l) 5 sodium carbonate solution 10 Br 2 (l) Mixtures – two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and can be separated by physical means. Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They cannot be broken into anything else by physical or chemical means. Compounds – pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means. Decide whether each of these substances is an element, a compound or a mixture. Compound Mixture Element

2. Revision

3. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms he pounded up materials in his pestle and mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles which he called ATOMA (greek for indivisible)

4. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1808 John Dalton suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them ATOMS

5. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1898 Joseph John Thompson found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an ELECTRON

6. HISTORY OF THE ATOM Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge 1904 like plums surrounded by pudding. PLUM PUDDING MODEL

7. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1910 Ernest Rutherford oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. they found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit

8. HISTORY OF THE ATOM gold foil helium nuclei They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back. helium nuclei

9. HISTORY OF THE ATOM Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more detailed model with a central nucleus. He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction However, this was not the end of the story.

10. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1913 Niels Bohr studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester. Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that the electrons were in orbits. Rather like planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

11. Bohr’s Atom electrons in orbits nucleus

12. HELIUM ATOM + N N + - - proton electron neutron Shell What do these particles consist of?

13. ATOMIC STRUCTURE Particle proton neutron electron Charge + ve charge -ve charge No charge 1 1 nil Mass Nucleus Around outside Location

14. ATOMIC STRUCTURE the number of protons in an atom the number of protons and neutrons in an atom He 2 4 Atomic mass Atomic number number of electrons = number of protons

15. ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or Shells around the nucleus of an atom. first shella maximum of 2 electrons second shella maximum of 8 electrons third shella maximum of 8 electrons

16. ATOMIC STRUCTURE There are two ways to represent the atomic structure of an element or compound; 1.Electronic Configuration 2.Dot & Cross Diagrams

17. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION With electronic configuration elements are represented numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example; N Nitrogen 7 14 2 in 1 st shell 5 in 2 nd shell configuration = 2, 5 2 + 5 = 7

18. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Write the electronic configuration for the following elements; Ca O ClSi Na 20 40 11 23 8 17 16 35 14 28 B 11 5 a)b)c) d)e)f) 2,8,8,22,8,1 2,8,72,8,42,3 2,6

19. DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons, and circles to show the shells. For example; Nitrogen N XX X X XX X N 7 14

20. DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements; OCl 817 16 35 a)b) O X X X X X X X X Cl X X X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X

21. SUMMARY 1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of protons in the nucleus. 2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus. 3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons. 4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. 5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.

22. 1.An atom’s electron arrangement is also known as its electron ___. 2.A __ is composed of two or more atoms, joined together by covalent bonds. 3.Almost all the volume occupied by an atom is ___ space. 4.The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is known as its ___ number. 5.At the centre of an atom is a very ___, very dense, positively-charged nucleus. 6.The particle with no charge inside atoms is called the ___. 7.The positively-charged particles inside atoms are called ___. 8.Ions with a positive charge have ___ electrons. 9.Positively-charged ___ particles were used to discover the structure of the atom. 10.To calculate the number of neutrons, ___ atomic number from mass number.

23. 1 configuration 6 neutron 2 molecule 7 protons 3 empty 8 lost 4 mass 9 alpha 5 small 10 subtract