1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy  Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology  Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Gross anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable Figure 14.1

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body  Produces energy  Makes body structures  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react  Growth  Increases cell size and number of cells

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Reproduction  Produces future generation  Respiration  Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods.  Digestion  Break-down and absorption of nutrients  Absorption  Passage of substances through membranes into body fluids

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Circulation  Movement of substances in body fluids  Assimilation  Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms  Excretion  Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1.3

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Food  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides for metabolic reaction  Circulation  Maintain body temperature  Stable body temperature  Atmospheric pressure  Must be appropriate

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium  Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback systems  Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on…..  5 components – stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response  Stimulus – a change occurs in the environment  Receptor monitors changes and inputs info (nerve endings)  Control center determines the “normal” range, evaluates detected changes and outputs commands (brain)  Effector is the body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response (sweat glands)  Response is produced by effector

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Figure 1.4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Control center Imbalance Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1a Variable (in homeostasis)

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1b Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 3 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Control center Imbalance

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 5 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems  Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  Control center  Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response  Effector  Provides a means for response to the stimulus

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview  Integumentary  Forms the external body covering  Protects deeper tissue from injury  Helps regulate body temperature  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview  Skeletal  Protects and supports body organs  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Site of blood cell formation  Stores minerals

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview  Muscular  Produces movement  Maintains posture  Produces heat

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Nervous  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external change  Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Endocrine  Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism Figure 1.2e

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview  Cardiovascular  Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Lymphatic  Returns fluids to blood vessels  Cleanses the blood  Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Respiratory  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Digestive  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Urinary  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid-base balance  Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Reproductive  Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What makes a living thing…..alive?  Metabolism-sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body  Responsiveness-body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment  Movement-motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells  Growth-increase in body size  Differentiation-process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells  Reproduction-formation of a new cell for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual.  Digestion- process of breaking down ingested food so it can be absorbed in the blood.  Excretion- process of removing wastes from the body  Reproduction-production of offspring.

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for  Position  Direction  Regions  Structures

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terms  Anatomical position  Subjects stands erect facing observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward, the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, the arms are at the sides with palms turned forward.

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5a Regional Terms  Anterior body landmarks

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Terms  Posterior body landmarks Figure 1.5b

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Superior-towards the head, or upper portion of structure Inferior-away from the head, or the lower part of a structure Anterior-nearer to or at the front of the body Posterior-nearer to or at the back of the body Medial-nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane Lateral-farther from the midline of midsagittal plane Intermediate-in between two structuresIpsilateral-on the same side of the body as another structure Contralateral-on the opposite sides of the body from another structure Proximal-nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to point of orgin Distal-farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from origin Superficial-toward the surface of the body Deep-away from the surface of the body

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections  A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts  A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts  A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts  A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.6

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  Dorsal body cavity  Cranial cavity houses the brain  Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord  Ventral body cavity  Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others  Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.7

58. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities

59. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities

60. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a

61. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b

62. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c