1. Economic Geography Part III
Structural Change in American and Canadian Cities
Industrial Location Theory and Manufacturing Dynamics
Geography of Agriculture: Land Use and Contemporary Trends

2. Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis
Phases of urban development
Prior to 1850: pedestrian city
Horse car era
Conventional Railways
Trackside manufacturing corridors
Street car era 1890-electricity and traction motor
Inter-urban Railways/Radial Railways
Streetcar suburbs/Industrial satellites

3. Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis
Recreational automobile from 1940 (?)
NY, NJ, Mass, Penna Turnpikes - tolls
Queen Elizabeth Way 1939
Interstate Highway Act 1956
Rapid suburban expansion-residential
Freeway Era from 1970
Suburban commerce/employment
Reverse commuting

4. Eras of transportation technology and changing urban morphology

5. Trolley Film Omnibus→horse car Steam locomotion- not in city streets
Elevateds
Cable cars
Electric streetcar by 1890s
Rapid growth large cities and small
Off-peak service to recreational areas

8. 3rd Avenue and 5th St. South, 1912

9. Opening of Rotary Beach, Henderson Lake, 1926

10. 13th St North, Streetcar suburb

11. Westminster Village, Failed BRZ
Streetcar loop
City edge,

12. Working class housing ribbon served by streetcar line

13. St Basil’s School, 1914

14. PCC Car
Toronto Harbourfront
High density waterfront redevelopment
Obsolescence of working port facilities

16. Suburbanization: What is new?
North American City
Positive income/status-distance gradient
Low density
Auto oriented
Urban policy
Federal-state/provincial-municipal levels of intervention
Inner city/inner suburban stability in Canada
Decline in U.S.
Outer suburban growth

17. U.S. Policies Favour Suburban Growth in Contrast to Canada
Housing finance
FHA/VA mortgage guarantees
Mortgages tax deductible in U.S.
1956 Interstate Highway Act
Inner city freeways
Beltways – irony!
Transit ridership low
Cheap fuel dependence
Inner city housing projects
Urban social caricature of U.S.-Canadian contrast
‘White flight’ & ‘Tipping point’
vs.
Multiculturalism, diversity, gentrification