1. Lecture 7: Global Positioning System (GPS)

2. What is GPS? What its purpose?
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
Explain the basic working principle of GPS
Describe the advantages of GPS
Why do we need GPS?
What is GPS? What its purpose?
Who developed GPS?
Who can use GPS?
How GPS works?

3. Introduction GPS is stands for Global Positioning System.
Official name of GPS is Navigational Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS)
GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity, and time.
Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock.

4. What is GPS and its purpose?
Introduction
GPS
What is GPS and its purpose?
Who develop GPS?
Who can use GPS?
Why need GPS?
How GPS works?

5. What is GPS-Global Positioning System?
4 satellites/orbit. Total orbit = 6. Thus, GPS consists of 24 satellites.
Each satellite orbits the earth every 12 hours (2 complete rotations every day).
Thus, every point on the Earth will always be in radio contact with at least 4 satellites.
GPS uses satellites as reference points to calculate accurate positions.
Each satellite orbits the earth every 12 hours (2 complete rotations every day).
This ensures that every point on the Earth will always be in radio contact with at least 4 satellites.
Ground stations are used to precisely track each satellite's orbit.
Consists of two dozen GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit (The region of space between 2000km and 35,786 km)
24 satellites in orbit dedicated to GPS that orbit the Earth in very precise orbits twice a day. 12,000 miles above Earth
6 satellites are within view of any location at one time.
Satellites constantly transmit their location information and time data.
There are quite a number of satellites out there in space. They are used for a wide range of purposes: satellite TV, cellular phones, military purposes and etc. Satellites can also be used by GPS receivers.

6. GPS Segment

7. What is the purpose of GPS
The purpose of GPS is to show you your exact position on the Earth anytime, in any weather, anywhere.

8. Who developed GPS?
First developed by the US DOD (United States Department of Defense)
Feasibility studies begun in 1960’s.Pentagon appropriates funding in 1973.
First satellite launched in System declared fully operational in April, 1995.
Open to the public, Currently controlled by the United States Air Force.
It costs about $750 million to manage and maintain the system per year

9. Military Marine Automobile Individual Aircraft Navigation
Who Can Use GPS
Individual
Automobiles are often equipped GPS receivers.
They show moving maps and information about your position on the map, speed you are traveling, buildings, highways, exits etc.
Some of the market leaders in this technology are Garmin and TomTom, not to mention the built in GPS navigational systems from automotive manufacturers.
For aircraft, GPS provides
Continuous, reliable, and accurate positioning information for all phases of flight on a global basis, freely available to all.
Safe, flexible, and fuel-efficient routes for airspace service providers and airspace users.
Increased safety for surface movement operations made possible by situational awareness.
Marine applications
GPS allows access to fast and accurate position, course, and speed information, saving navigators time and fuel through more efficient traffic routing.
Provides precise navigation information to boaters.
Enhances efficiency and economy for container management in port facilities.
Other Applications not mentioned here include
Railroad systems
Heading information – replacing compasses now that the poles are shifting
Weather Prediction
Skydiving – taking into account winds, plane and dropzone location
Many more!
Aircraft Navigation

10. Who can use GPS? Automobiles: show moving maps (highways, buildings)
Military: target detection.
Aviation: for aircraft navigation
Marine: Provides precise navigation information to boaters.

11. Why do we need GPS?
One drawback of using radio waves generated on the ground (like NDB,VOR,DME or ILS) is that you have only two choices:
A system that is very accurate but doesn’t cover a wide area
A system that covers a wide area but is not very accurate
We need a powerful system such GPS because GPS can provide accurate information and cover wide area.

12. GPS Frequency GPS operates in the UHF band.
There are two types of services available:
For Civilian/Research Use  Standard Positioning System
L1 ( MHz), L2 ( MHz), L5 ( MHz) – For Civilian
L4 ( MHz) – For Research
For Military Use  Precise Positioning System
L3 ( MHz)
Each navigation satellite transmits a unique UHF signal.
The receiver pairs itself to this transmission and determines the time difference between the satellite clock and the receiver clock.
The time difference multiplied by the speed of light gives the receiver distance from the satellite.
Signals from multiple satellites are used to fix the receivers position in space.

13. GPS Receiver
Handheld GPS Receivers
Casio GPS wristwatch

14. Automobiles are often equipped GPS receivers.
They show moving maps and information about your position on the map, speed you are traveling, buildings, highways, exits etc.
Some of the market leaders in this technology are Garmin and TomTom, not to mention the built in GPS navigational systems from automotive manufacturers.

15. HOW GPS WORKS?

16. How GPS works
GPS receivers tuned to the frequencies of GPS satellites.
Each GPS satellites then transmit signals to the GPS receivers . The signals, moving at the speed of light, c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s.
These signals indicates satellite’s location and the current time.
The GPS receiver measures the time taken for a signal to travel from satellite to receiver.
The distance to each GPS satellites can be calculated:
Distance = Speed of Light x Time
Knowing the distance from at least 4 GPS satellites, the GPS receiver can calculate the position (latitude, longitude and altitude )
Each GPS satellite has special clocks to provide very accurate time reference (atomic clocks).
GPS receivers require an unobstructed view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and they often do not perform well within forested areas or near tall buildings.
Each GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time.
All GPS satellites synchronize operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at the same instant.
This can be done through TRIANGULATION method.
To triangulate, GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time of radio signals.
The receiver measures the amount of time it takes a signal to travel from satellite to receiver (it actually subtracts the satellite time received in the message from its own time when the message was received), and the time is then converted into distance from the satellite (multiplication of the time with the speed of light). Knowing the satellite position and the distance from it, the receiver can construct (calculate) the sphere of possible position of the aircraft in space. Since these messages are received from more than one satellite simultaneously, the same calculations are performed for all of them. Then these spheres of possible positions are compared and the fix in space is constructed in the following way.
The intersection of two spheres will give a circular position line. The introduction of a third sphere will produce two positions several thousand miles apart. The space position is rejected as impossible and a fix is produced by intersection of the three spheres. Thus, three satellites would be enough to fix a position in space in terms of longitude, latitude and altitude. However, a fourth satellite is used in addition to compensate for the errors of the receiver’s time. All the receivers are equipped with precise crystal oscillators to provide time, but the accuracy does not compare with the accuracy of the satellite atomic clock. The result of this receiver’s clock errors is thick spheres of possible positions.

17. GPS in AVIATION

18. GPS receiver in the aircraft’s cockpit
Can provide the pilot with navigational information in terms of longitude, latitude and altitude.
The airborne GPS equipment (GPS receiver) receives messages from the space segment of the GPS system (24 satellites) to determine the position of the aircraft in space in terms of longitude, latitude and altitude.
The GPS receiver is capable of simultaneous reception of digital messages from more satellites orbiting around the earth.
These digital messages contain information regarding satellite position and its unique code, satellite atomic clock (extremely precise), information on ionospheric conditions and supplementary information (usually future positions of the satellite).

19. What GPS can tell you? GPS also can tell you
What direction you are heading
Speed (How fast you are going)
Your altitude
A map to help you arrive at a destination
Distance (How far you have traveled)
Time (How long you have been traveling)
Estimated time of arrival (When you will arrive)

20. ADVANTAGES OF GPS in AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION

21. ADVANTAGES OF GPS in AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION
GPS can reduce the aircraft delays problem,
GPS can reduce journey time and fuel consumption
GPS can maintain high levels of flight safety.
GPS can increase airway & landing capacity for aircraft.
GPS more economical

22. A GPS receiver in the cockpit provides the pilot with accurate position data and helps him keep the airplane on course.

23. Using GPS, aircraft can fly the most direct routes between airports

24. Advantages of using GPS in Aircraft Navigation
GPS can reduce the aircraft delays problem
GPS can provide accurate & continuous data during all-weather condition.
This can avoid flight delays.
GPS can reduce fuel consumption
Civil aircraft typically fly from one waypoint to another.
With GPS, an aircraft's computers can be programmed to fly a direct route to a destination.
This can save fuel and time
With air travel expanding throughout the 21st Century, GPS can provide a cornerstone of the future air traffic management (ATM) system that will maintain high levels of safety, while reducing delays and increasing airway capacity. To promote this future ATM system, the FAA's objective is to establish and maintain a satellite-based navigation capability for all phases of flight.

25. Advantages of using GPS in Aircraft Navigation
GPS can maintain high levels of flight safety.
Improved situational awareness (quick alert about emergency)
GPS also can simplify and improve the method of guiding planes to a safe landing, especially in poor weather.
GPS can increase airway & landing capacity for aircraft.
GPS system more flexible. Many aircrafts can depend on GPS system at one time.

26. Advantages of using GPS in Aircraft Navigation
GPS more economical
Maintain economies from reduced maintenance and operation of ground-based systems (such as VOR/DME/NDB station)

27. Waypoints
Waypoints are locations or landmarks that can be stored in your GPS.
Waypoints may be entered directly by taking a reading with the unit at the location itself, giving it a name, and then saving the point.
Once entered and saved, a waypoint remains unchanged in the receiver’s memory until edited or deleted.
A waypoint is based on coordinates entered into a GPS receiver’s memory.
It can be either a saved position fix, or user entered coordinates.
It can be created for any remote point on earth.
It must have a receiver designated code or number, or a user supplied name.
Once entered and saved, a waypoint remains unchanged in the receiver’s memory until edited or deleted.

28. Waypoints Latitude and Longitude Your location Direction of waypoint
Date and
Time
Waypoint

29. GPS Application for NAVIGATION system

30. LAAS - Local Area Augmentation System.
GPS NAVIGATION SYSTEM
There are two advanced GPS NAVIGATION System which are
LAAS - Local Area Augmentation System.
WAAS - Wide Area Augmentation System

31. Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
“LAAS is a precision approach and landing system that relies on the Global Positioning System (GPS) to broadcast highly accurate information to aircraft on the final phases of a flight.
LAAS support precision approaches and landing capability to aircraft operating within a 20- to 30-mile radius of the airport.
LAAS approaches will be designed to avoid obstacles, restricted airspace, noise-sensitive areas, or congested airspace.”
Concept first in 1992
System requirements first analyzed in 2001 – developmental stage begins
Developed in late 2001
Due to be implemented in 2006, however due to the FAA budget the project has been deferred to 2009
Only 18 million left in the budget as of the end of 2004 – will only carry LAAS development through 2005 – implementation will require 600 million dollars

32. Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
One LAAS covers multiple runway ends
Contributing technology for high precision terminal area navigation services.
Quick data transferring among LAAS, Aircraft and GPS satellites

33. Benefits of LAAS Replaces ILS systems that are expensive to maintain
Increases efficiency of arrival and departure operations and improves usage of runway capacity
Supports fuel efficiency.
Improves access to airports during extremely low visibility operations

34. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
38 Reference
Stations
3 Master
Stations
4 Ground
Earth Stations
2 Geostationary
Satellite Links
2 Operational
Control Centers

35. WAAS Benefits
Serves all classes of aircraft during flight operations in all weather conditions at all locations.
Provides precise navigation and landing guidance to pilots at all airports, including thousands that have no ground-based navigation aids
Overcomes obstacles to ground-based systems, such as mountainous terrain

36. WAAS Benefits
Reduces operating and maintenance costs associated with ground-based navigation aids
Makes more airspace usable to pilots, provides more direct en-route paths, and provides new precision approach services to runway ends
Through international cooperation provides a global navigation system for all users
WAAS addresses the following performance gaps:
Lack of precise navigation capabilities that can handle the continuing growth in air traffic
Lack of stable vertical guidance in all weather conditions
Inconsistencies in global use of GPS and its augmentations
Aging of navigation systems that are expensive to maintain

37. GPS Limitations
The GPS must “see” the satellites, so it does not work well in dense forests, inside caves, underwater, or inside buildings.
Signal Interference: Sometimes the signals interfered before they reach the receivers.
Changing atmospheric conditions change the speed of the GPS signals as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere

38. Obstruction

39. Signal Interference Earth’s Atmosphere Solid Structures
Metal
Electro-magnetic Fields

40. Question Bank Explain how GPS works. (9m)
Describe 3 advantages of GPS. (6m)