1. The State of the Atmosphere 1.Atmospheric mass and pressure 2.Temperature structure 3.Geopotential 4.Circulation 5.Water in the atmosphere

2. Atmospheric mass and pressure From the equation of continuity, after integration for a polar cap limited by  In the long-term mean: Assuming that the atmosphere is a ideal gas (p=  RT) in hydrostatic equilibrium we have and by integrating: We can then rewrite the first equation as:(1)

3. The rapid decrease of density with height distinguishes the atmosphere from the ocean

4. Distribution of mass in terms of pressure

5. If H_surf=2.56x10 14 m 2 P North_h =983.6mb, P South_h =988.0mb, P Globe =983.6mb g=9.8 m/s 2 Then m_ North_h =2.57x10 18 kg m_ Souh_h =2.58x10 18 kg m_ Globe =5.15x10 18 kg...Distribution of mass in terms of pressure

7. The interhemispheric transport From Eq. (1) we can calculate the transport trough the equator: If  p=1mb/month

8. Global distribution of temperature

9. Vertical and meridional change

10. Temporal variability of temperature

12. Geopotential heights

13. Mean circulation

14. Correlation coefficient between northern hemisphere stratospheric geopotential at 50hPa and an index representing the tropospheric 500hPA NAO.

17. Hadley model Hadley (1735) wanted to explain trade wind circulation Complements of E. Kant and J. Dalton Ferel (1856): Coriolis force and Geostrophic wind Helmholtz: the role of friction-deviation of wind includes turbulent viscosity for the first time

18. Actual vertical circulation

20. Kinetic energy of the atmosphere K=K TE +K SE +K M K=0.5[u 2 m +v 2 m ] K TE =0.5[(u‘ 2 +v‘ 2 ) m ] K SE =0.5[u m *2 +v m *2 ] K M =0.5([u m ] 2 +[v m ] 2 )

23. Precipitation