1. Phrases and Clauses

2. Preposition Review
A preposition relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence.

3. Fifty Common Prepositions
about above across after against along among around at before
behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but by down
during except for from in inside into like near of
off on onto opposite out outside over past since through
to toward under underneath until up upon with within without

4. Compound Prepositions
according to ahead of aside from as of because of
by means of in addition to in back of in front of in place of
instead of next to on account of on top of out of

5. Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase has at least two parts: a preposition and a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition
prep object
EXAMPLE: near airports
The object of the preposition may be modified by one or more adjectives.
prep adj adj object
EXAMPLE: near busy urban airports
The object may also be compound.
prep adj adj object conj object
EXAMPLE: near busy urban highways and airports

6. Prepositional Phrases That Act as Adjectives
An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind or which one.
The roadway with two lanes began there.
What kind of highway began there?
The rancher with the angry face stopped us.
Which rancher stopped us?

7. Adjective Phrase Practice
Grammar w/b p. 69 ex. 1

8. Prepositional Phrases That Act as Adverbs
An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb phrases point out where, when, in what way (how), or to what extent.
modifying a verb : Raindrops fell in heavy torrents.
(Fell in what way?)
modifying an adjective: The day was warm for December.
(Warm in what way?)
modifying an adverb: The tornado struck suddenly, within minutes of the warning.
(Suddenly to what extent?)

9. Adverb Phrase Practice
Grammar w/b p. 71 ex. 1

10. Appositives
An appositive is a noun or a pronoun placed after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain the preceding word.
EXAMPLES
The painter Pablo Picasso lived in Spain.
I want to visit Spain’s famous museum, The Prado.
His painting Guernica impressed my father.

11. Appositive Phrases
An appositive phrase is an appositive that has modifiers.
EXAMPLES
Willa Cather, an American novelist, wrote My Antonia.
Lisbon, a thriving port in Portugal, has often been the scene of espionage.
The shopping center – a network of cars, shops, and people – provides many jobs.

12. Appositive Phrase Practice
Grammar w/b p. 73 ex. 2

13. Participles
Participles are verb forms with two basic uses: 1) used with helping verbs, they are verbs ) used to modify nouns or pronouns, they are adjectives
all present participles end in –ing
She is walking to school. walking = verb
They took a walking tour of the city. walking = adjective
some past participles end in –ed
He has cooked dinner three times this week. cooked = verb
The cooked food won’t spoil. cooked = adjective
other past participles end in –n, -t, -en, or another irregular ending
He has grown six inches!
He was by then, of course, a grown man.

14. Participial Phrases
A participial phrase is a present or past participle and its modifiers.
EXAMPLES
The instructor, speaking slowly, explained the use of skis.
The skier, choosing her slope, looked at its features carefully.
The esteemed poet, honored by the award, expressed his thanks.
**Notice the commas

15. Participial Phrase Practice
Grammar w/b p. 75 ex. 1
Grammar w/b p. 77 ex. 1

16. Clauses A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb.
There are two basic kinds: ) independent ) dependent (a.k.a. subordinate)

17. Independent Clauses
An independent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
EXAMPLES
S V
The air vibrated.
In the morning, he began to play the cello.

18. Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate, or dependent, clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
EXAMPLES
S V
after she performed her solo
S V
while the band practiced in the garage

19. Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
EXAMPLES
The student whom I asked for help turned pages of music for me.
By pushing the pedal that is connected to the drum, you will make sound.
The harp, which was played in ancient Egypt, was forbidden for women to play.
The piano, whose strings are hit by hammers to produce sound, can be made louder or softer by foot pedals.

20. Adjective Clause Practice
Grammar w/b p. 79 ex. 1

21. Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
A subordinating conjunction (next slide) always introduces the adverb clause.
EXAMPLES
Since you expect to be late, I will prepare dinner.
I will prepare dinner since you expect to be late.
Whenever you are late, I expect you to call.
I expect you to call whenever you are late.

22. Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as as if as long as because before
even though if in order that since so that than though
unless until when whenever where wherever while

23. Adverb Clauses Practice
Grammar w/b p. 81 ex. 1