1. CHAPTER TWO Gr. 8 Social Studies

2. Preliminary Study: Why do you think the title of this unit is "Where Once They Stood We Stand"?

3. Listen to the Ode to Newfoundland http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SpUmZtaRBQ

4. Visual Activity Ch. 2 Assignment #1 Each group will be given one verse of the “Ode to Newfoundland”. Your task is to do the following 1. Create a visual of your verse. 2. You are expected to work together to represent the lyrics in a creative and appealing way. 3. Use colour and design to make the words of the lyrics come alive on the paper. 4. Be sure to include the lyrics on your visual in any way you wish.

5. Ode to Newfoundland Words by Sir Cavendish Boyle (1849-1916) Music by Sir Hubert Parry (1848-1918) When Sunrays crown thy pine clad hills And Summer spreads her hand When silvern voices tune thy rills We love thee smiling land We love thee, we love thee We love thee, smiling land. When spreads thy cloak of shimm'ring white At Winter's stern command Thro' shortened day and starlit night We love thee, frozen land We love thee, we love thee We love thee, frozen land. When blinding storm gusts fret thy shore And wild waves lash thy strand Thro' spindrift swirl and tempest roar We love thee, wind-swept land We love thee, we love thee We love thee, wind-swept land. As loved our fathers, so we love Where once they stood we stand Their prayer we raise to heav'n above God guard thee, Newfoundland God guard thee, God guard thee God guard thee, Newfoundland.

6. Film Analysis: Stealing Mary Ch. 2 Assignment #2 What the film and answer the questions on the assignment provided.

7. Evaluation: The Beothuk People Project due: Oct 6 th (next Thursday). You will present your project to the class. Using your viewing guide worksheet as well as your knowledge of the Beothuk people, please do the following: The story of The Beothuk people is a sad and tragic part of Newfoundland and Labrador culture. Using any format you wish (act a scene, write a poem, draw a picture, create a model, etc) demonstrate your knowledge of the Beothuk (you may speak directly of Shanawdithit or Demasduit ).

8. Using your notes on the film "Stealing Mary: The last of the Red Indians". Present your understandings of the incident at Red Indian Lake by choosing one of the following activities: 1) Create a film poster 2) Create a Crime Scene model 3) Write a journal entry from either one of the characters in the film 4) Write a poem reflecting the incident 5) Create a board game 6) Reinactment of the event at "Red Indian Lake" and perform it in class 7) Write a song and perform it for the class 8) Write a short story from the perspective of a Beothuk who experienced the incident at Red Indian Lake 9) Create a visual art piece (using paper and paint or graphite, fabric, pastel, etc)

9. Preliminary work: Define the Key Words for this chapter found on page 24.

10. Ch. 2 Notes Aboriginal Peoples  B________________  Mi’kmaq  I____________  Inuit  Labrador M________

11. Here we see an Aboriginal Woman accepting an award. What do you think the award is for?

12. cont Newcomers ( immigrants) largest # came from Europe (see chart on page 36&37)  F_________________  English  I___________  S________________

13. Codfish, ca. 1878. From Bénédict Henry Révoil, Pêches dans l'Amerique du Nord (Tours : A. Mame et Fils, 1878) 135. Thousands of European fishers annually visited Newfoundland and Labrador from the 16th through the 18th centuries to participate in the transatlantic migratory cod fishery.

14. Aboriginal Peoples  1800s the B_________________ and M______________ lived in areas of Newfoundland  I__________, Inuit, and M_____________ lived in areas of Labrador

15. Important locations in Labrador. Illustration by Tina Riche and Duleepa Wijayawardhana, ©1998

16. Page 26 Draw a map of NL and label the areas of Aboriginal Settlement. Use colour leads to mark the distinct areas of settlement. Use Figure on page 26.

17. Beothuk, p. 26-27 The word is believed to mean “good people” or “k__________” The Beothuk numbered between _________ and ___________ Lived on A_____________ P________________, B___________ P________________, St. George’s Bay and E___________ area Lived and traveled in groups of ____ to _______ people

18. Beothuk The word is believed to mean “good people” or “k_KINSHIP_________” The Beothuk numbered between ____500______ and __1000_________ Lived on A___AVALON__________ P____PENINSULA____________, B_BONAVISTA__________ P_PENINSULA_______________, St. George’s Bay and E__EXPLOITS_________ area Lived and traveled in groups of __30___ to __55_____ people

19. In summer they lived along c__COAST_________ and used c__CANOES__________ In winter moved i_INLAND_________ to _HUNTING____________ Had 2 styles of ____HOUSING (MAMTEEKS)________ they used for shelter Used r_RED___ o__ORCHE________ for its life-giving power Bodies and belongings covered in this and because of that they were given the term “R___RED ____ I___INDIAN_________”. This term is no longer used today, S__SHANAWDITHIT________ - last of the Beothuk. She died in 1829__

20. Where They Lived

21. Place Names Avalon, Bonavista Peninsulas St. George’s Bay Interior around Red Indian Lake

22. . Original artifacts housed in the Newfoundland Museum. Courtesy of Dr. Ralph Pastore, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland. Beothuk Carved Bone Objects Draw one of these Carved Bone Objects in your notebook.

23. Spoon, saw and scissors from a Beothuks site on the Exploits River The Beothuks often acquired metal objects like these by visiting abandoned European fishing posts. Reworking the metal, the Beothuks were able to construct their own traditional hunting tools which included arrowheads and harpoon tips. Reproduced by permission of J. A. Tuck, Atlantic Archaelogy Ltd. From Dr. Ralph Pastore,Shanawdithit's People: The Archaelogy of the Beothuks (St. John's, Newfoundland: Atlantic Archaelogy Ltd., ©1992) 61.

24. Evidence of Contact "The Dancing Woman" by Shanawdithit. From James P. Howley, The Beothuks or Red Indians: the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland (Cambridge: University Press, 1915) 248. Original drawing in the Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, Newfoundland.

25. Housing Styles Two main types Mamateek – summer and winter Summer – cone shape Birch bark, animal skin Winter more solid, insulated with moss

26. Shanwdithit’s Sketch Winter Mamateek

28. Red Ochre People Covered skin with red iron oxide pigment Mixed with oil/grease Spiritual – life giving powers

29. Transportation: Birch Bark Canoe

31. FOOD Traditionally used bow and arrows, spears, snares, fences to hide, direct animals Furbearers Caribou, seal, beaver, salmon, eggs

32. Extinction Settlers forced them into poorer resource areas.. Starvation Diseases – no immunity Some settlers killed them, chased them from their homes

33. Reasons why Beothuk became extinct: Many farmers, fishermen, and trappers b______________ along the coasts which forced Beothuk inland F__________ resources inland and they could not get what was needed to keep them h______________ D______________ such as __________ were brought to the island by immigrants and the Beothuk had no i_____________ to these diseases Beothuk took t_________ and other useful items from the white people. This a_________ the white people who chased the Beothuk and k____________ many of them Other Indian groups like the M_____________ competed with the Beothuk for good h_______________ g___________ and would s_________ them with the g_______ given to them by the immigrants

34. Many farmers, fishermen, and trappers b__BUILT__ along the coasts which forced Beothuk inland F_FEWER___ resources inland and they could not get what was needed to keep them h__HEALTHY_______ D DISEASES___ such as _TB_________ were brought to the island by immigrants and the Beothuk had no i_IMMUNITY____ to these diseases Beothuk took t_TOOLS____ and other useful items from the white people. This a_ANGRY_______ the white people who chased the Beothuk and k__ CHASE AND KILL____ many of them Other Indian groups like the M_MIK’MAK__________ competed with the Beothuk for good h_HUNTING ______________ g_GROUNDS__________ and would s___SHOOT______ them with the g__GUNS_____ given to them by the immigrants

35. Beothuk Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFvq80DJd6A

36. Song Analysis: Demasduit Dream I dreamt I saw a woman Standing by the strand Waiting for her people (WHO ARE HER PEOPLE?) To come in from the land Waiting there for seven days She built a fire in the sand Waiting for her people To come in from the land She had the look of a refugee Hiding in her eyes And when I tried to talk to her She answered with a cry (WHY?) And pointed to the water Out beyond the harbour line Where a thousand ships lay waiting They lay waiting for my sign [

37. Lyric’s cont. [Chorus] I remember days of sunlight With my father by my side And the children, ran before us Like the foam upon the tide We ran like frightened partridge (WHY DID THEY RUN?) When the strangers came to talk (WHO ARE THE STRANGERS?) Bringing sickness 'round them (WHAT SICKNESS?) And the thunder in their walk We ran into the valleys And we ran into the hills They only ran before us, Driven by the strangers' will (WHAT DID THE STRANGERS WANT?) [

38. I'm waiting by the landwash Giant standing near I see them coming always Children in their fear I'm waiting on my blanket And the giant waits with me And I will wait here always As they fill the endless sea

39. Mi’kmaq, page 29 Referred to NF as Ktaqmkuk meaning “l_________ across w________” S_____________ lifestyle (lived according to seasons – fished in summer / hunted in winter) Lived on _______ coast (Codroy Valley, St. George’s Bay, Bonne Bay) Lived on _______ coast (Burgeo, Conne River) Lived in ________ NF (Badger, Glenwood) Lived on _______ coast (Clode Sound) and __________ coast (Gander Bay)

40. Mi’kmaq, cont Were more s___________ than the Beothuk towards immigrants Interacted with European settlers and became g_________ for them T________ with Europeans Converted to the ____________________ religion Adopted some ways of the European settlers Established a town at C__________ R__________ because it was ideal for year-round living S______________ J______ was a guide who led W_____________ C___________ from C_______________ to St. George’s Bay in ____

41. Map showing traditional hunting and trapping territory of the Newfoundland Mi'kmaq as perceived by Frank Speck. From Frank Speck, Beothuk and Micmac, Indian Notes and Monographs series, vol. 22 (New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1922). End Map. Illustration by Tina Riche.

42. A deserted wigwam, ca. 1890 Humber River, western coast of Newfoundland. The influx of European hunters and trappers during the 19th century greatly altered the traditional way of life for many Mi'kmaq. Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL VA 13- 19).

43. During the 16th and 17th centuries the Mi'kmaq had created a “Domain of Islands” in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

44. Constructing snowshoes Damien Benoit of Conne River constructing a pair of snowshoes. Courtesy of the Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, Newfoundland. Photo ©1983.

45. Michael Joe and Martin Jeddore of Conne River completing the construction of a Mi'kmaq skin canoe. This canoe, now in the Newfoundland Museum, is a replica of the caribou-skin canoes constructed by Mi'kmaq while travelling in the Newfoundland interior. Courtesy of the Newfoundland Museum, St. John's, Newfoundland.

46. A Mi'kmaq wigwam used by hunters and trappers early in the 20th century. From J. G. Millais, Newfoundland and its Untrodden Ways (London: Longmans, Green, 1907) facing 16.

47. This is a fine example of a Mi'kmaq birch-bark box decorated with porcupine quills collected in Newfoundland in the early 19th century. Since porcupines are not found on the island of Newfoundland, the quills on the box would have likely come from Nova Scotia.

48. Throughout the 19th century, the 150 or so Mi'kmaq people in Newfoundland made their living as guides, trappers, mail carriers, and as sellers of basketry

49. Innu, page 30 and 31 Occupy parts of Q____________ and L_________________ Natuashish and Sheshatshiu are two Innu communities Territory called Nitassinas means “o_______ l________” Language called Innu-Aimun Branch of the A______________ people Approximately ______________ Innu in early 1800s Two branches of Innu: M_________________ Innu Lived in n_____________ Labrador lived on beaver, caribou, bear, porcupine, hare, and lake fish moved within one area S_________________ Innu lived in s______________ Labrador

50. Innu, cont lived on beaver, caribou, bear, porcupine, hare, and lake fish moved within one area S_________________ Innu lived in s______________ Labrador lived mainly on caribou traveled great distances when caribou was not plentiful trading posts were set up in the mid-1800s in northern Labrador and this changed the lifestyle of the Innu now the Innu hunted animals for p_______ as well as for food pelts were exchanged for European g_________ the trapping caused the number of caribou to d____________ and families faced s_____________ the traditional lifestyle of the Innu was lost

51. Innu Bands in the Early 1880s. Adapted with permission from Peter Armitage, The Innu (The Montagnais- Naskapi) (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, ©1991) 30. Courtesy of Gary Tong. Adapted by Tina Riche, 1997.

52. 19th century drawing of Labrador Innu. Until the 1800s, the Innu not only depended upon caribou to provide skin coverings for their tents, but also as a source of food and clothing. Unfortunately, these herds were greatly diminished by European hunters who came to the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. "Nasquapees" drawn by W. G. R. Hind, on stone by F. F. L., chromolithographed by Hanhard, for Henry Youle Hind's Exploration in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula, London, 1863. From Charles de Volpi, Newfoundland: a Pictorial Record (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Longman Canada Limited, ©1972) 99.

53. An Innu hunter from northern Labrador wearing a caribou-skin coat, ca. 1910. From William B. Cabot, In Northern Labrador (London: J. Murray, 1912) frontispiece.

54. 19th-century drawing of Innu at an HBC post, 1863 19th-century drawing of Innu at an HBC post, 1863 The Newfoundland and Labrador government had little direct contact with the Innu people before the mid-20th century. Instead, government officials delegated the day-to- day administration of Labrador affairs to religious groups and commercial trading companies in the area, the most prominent of which were Christian missionaries and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). Drawn by W. G. R. Hind. From Henry Youle Hind, Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula: The Country of the Montagnais and Nasquapee Indians, Vol. 2 (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863) 100.

55. Inuit language is I______________ fished _________________ hunted c_____________, whales, s_________, and walrus traveled by dog team or kayak called _____________ clothing made from s_______ s________ and c___________ h_______ lived in skin tents called t________ in winter sod houses called qamartalik in summer social and economic life was centered around the family

56. Inuit contact with Europeans changed their lifestyle M______________ C_________ built mission stations close to the Inuit Their language, religious beliefs and life style changed Over-harvesting of w____________ led to greater sealing industry European goods such as g________, t_______, and c__________ were in demand Diseases such as the f____ and m__________ decreased their population Approximately __________ Inuit lived around the early 1900s

57. By the late 18th century, the Moravian missionaries had established themselves along the Labrador coast. Since no original clothing from this period has survived, both written and pictorial records such as this engraving provide clues to the clothing worn by the Inuit during the early 1800s. "Esquimaux Indians of the Coast of Labrador" communicated by a Moravian missionary, drawn by Garret, engraved by Chapman, published by C. Jones, October 17, 1818. From Charles de Volpi, Newfoundland: A Pictorial Record (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Longman Canada Limited, ©1972) An engraving of Inuit on the Labrador coast, 1818.

58. Inuit woman and children, Labrador. Courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL B10- 148).

59. Inuit man in kayak, ca. 1885 Both the Thule and Inuit travelled by single-person kayaks and larger umiaks, able to hold up to 20 people. Builders covered both vessels with animal hides and framed them with wood or walrus ribs and other animal bones. Watercolour by D. Smith. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada (R9266).

60. Inuit in front of their skin tent (tupiq), Okak, Labrador, 1896. Photo courtesy of the Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Hettasch Collection), Memorial University of Newfoundland Library, St. John's, Newfoundland.

61. Labrador Inuit, ca. 1920s. The Inuit people of Labrador won the right to self-government in 2004 after settling a land claim agreement with the Newfoundland and Labrador government. Photographer unknown. Reproduced by the permission of the Maritime History Archive (PF-323.059), Memorial University, St. John's, NL.

62. Metis Known as “almost w_______ m______” because of mixed aboriginal and European ancestry The Labrador Metis lived farther ___________ than the Inuit The Metis were not influenced by the Moravian missionaries as much as the Inuit were Economic activity involved t____________ animals, h__________ and f__________

63. Harp seal, 1909. Labrador Métis traditionally hunted seals in the spring, making use of the meat for food and the skin for boots. Pictured here is a harp seal. Reproduced by the permission of The Room Provincial Archives, VA 17-73.1

64. St. John’s Friendship Center http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41emxw99Zr8

65. Immigrants Know the difference between a push factor and pull factor. Know where the immigrants settled. Complete your graphic organizer chart!

68. Michael Anthony Flemming, page 40 Write a one paragraph biography of Flemming. Use the following questions to guide your writing. Who was he? Where was he from? What did he do? When did he do it? Describe the Basilica

69. Other Immigrants, pg41 Lebanon  escaped religious turmoil  Pack peddlers (why???)  Many became business men China  Chinese immigrants had to pay a tax of $300, therefore community grew slowly  Wasn’t until 1950 that women were allowed to enter  Who was Choy Fong?

70. Newfoundlanders and Labradorians, pg 42 and 43 Population growth  Natural increase  more births than deaths  Higher rates of immigration than emigration Examine Table 2.2 on page 42 1. What caused the rapid growth? 2. How did people’s identification change?

71. Internal Migration-after 1830 create a timeline using the below information Movement from place to place Started in 1800 where people moved from areas on Avalon Peninsula to less populated areas to fish (to North East Coast, ex. Bonavista Bay and Notre Dame Bay) 1800’s communities on West Coast grew due to fishery and sawmills. Southern coast of Labrador for fishing (cod and salmon) 1909-central Newfoundland for newsprint mill 20 th century-land based industries (copper mines) 1897-trans-island railway (sawmill towns)