1. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Male and female reproductive system

2. 1.1 Female reproductive system
External genitals
Internal reproductive organs

3. 1.1.2a Female internal reproductive organs
5) Fallopian tubes
4) Uterus
6) Ovary
6) Ovary
3) Cervix
2) Vagina

4. 1.1.2b Female internal reproductive organs
4) Fallopian tube
3) Uterus
5) Ovary
6) Pubic bone
2) Cervix
1) Vagina

5. 1.2.1 What is the function of the vagina?
10cm long, 2.5cm wide
Thin walled passage leading from vulva to cervix
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
At the end of pregnancy, it acts a birth canal

6. 1.2.5 What is the function of the uterus / womb?
Pear-shaped structure with thick muscular wall
Accepts fertilised ovum which becomes implanted into the uterine lining
Accommodates, nourishes and protects the embryo and foetus during pregnancy
(7.5 cm in length, 5 cm in breadth, 2.5 cm in thickness)

7. 1.2.6 What is the function of the oviduct / fallopian tubes?
Muscular tube lined with cilia (hair-like structures) and mucus-secreting cells
Helps to transfer ova from ovary into the uterus
Site of fertilisation (normally)

8. 1.2.7 What is the function of the ovaries?
Consist of Graffian follicles which develop into female gametes
Produce female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

9. Think about this What is ectopic pregnancy?
Fertilized ovum is implanted
Fallopian tube
Cervix
Ovaries
Abdomen
As the embryo implants and grows, the tube becomes stretched and inflamed, causing increasing pain in the pregnant woman. If left untreated, the affected Fallopian tube will likely burst, causing gynecologic hemorrhage and endangering the life of the woman. Only 2% of ectopic pregnancies occur outside of the fallopian tubes. About 1% of pregnancies are in an ectopic location.
Causes
Damaged cilia
Blocked fallopian tube
Excessive progesterone and oestrogen
Age
Smoking

10. Ectopic pregnancy

11. 2.1 Male reproductive system
External genitals
Internal reproductive organs

12. 2.2a Male internal reproductive organs
8) Seminal vesicle
7) Prostate gland
2) Erectile tissue
6) Cowper’s gland
1) Urethra
4) Epididymis
5) Vas deferens
3) Testis

13. 2.3.1 What is the function of the penis?
Latin word for ‘tail’
Muscular erectile organ
Consists of spongy tissue containing blood spaces and blood vessels
Introduces semen into the vagina of female during sexual intercourse

14. Does size matter?

15. 2.3.2 What is the function of the scrotum?
Pouch of skin containing the testes
Found outside the main body cavity at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature, which is optimum for sperm production

16. The testis
It is most common for one testicle to hang lower than the other. The percentage of people with a lower hanging right testicle or left testicle is about equal. This is primarily due to differences in the vascular anatomical structure on the right and left sides. It is thought that this is another evolutionary development that protects each testis from bouncing off the other.

17. 2.3.3 What is the function of the testes?
Testes (plural) / Testis (singular)
Each consists of hundreds of tiny sperm tubules (seminiferous tubules)
Produce sperm
Produce male sex hormone testosterone

18. 3.1 What is the difference between a sperm and an ovum?

19. 3.2 Structure of sperm and ovum
A) Nucleus
1) Head
B) Cytoplasm
2) Plasma membrane
3) Cytoplasm
2) Middle piece
C) Mitochondria
3) Tail
4) Nucleus
1) Protein coat
6) Chromosomes
5) Nucleolus

20. 3.3 Number produced Sperm Ovum
Millions of sperm released at each ejaculation
Ovum
Usually one ovum is released once in about 28 days

21. 3.4 Size
Sperm
Much smaller than ovum
Ovum
Much larger than sperm

22. 3.5 Size of nucleus and cytoplasm
Sperm
Small nucleus and little cytoplasm
Ovum
Large nucleus and abundance of cytoplasm

23. 3.6 Mobility Sperm Ovum Mobile Energy produced by mitochondria
Activity nourished by seminal fluid
Ovum
Immobile
Moved along the oviduct by sweeping action of cilia and peristaltic contractions of walls of oviduct