1. Mammals & Climate Russell W. Graham Earth & Mineral Sciences Museum Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 rgraham@ems.psu.edu

2. Vertebrate fossil collection A volunteer excavates around a mammoth vertebra at the Pratt Mammoth site, KS boneblogger.com/mapping-the-pratt-mammoth-excavation-using-gps-and-basic-surveying-technology Megafauna collection Microfossil collection Excavating & bagging sediment with bones Screen washing Sediment for bones Picking screenwash Concentrate for bones

3. Why Mammals Abundant sites and specimens with electronic databases Excellent Geographic Coverage Can directly date individual specimens Small mammals can not migrate (local environment) Can be identified to generic and frequently species level Ecology of modern forms well studied so good proxies http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/about.cfm Many taxa are limited to specific habitats

4. Databases http://www.neotomadb.org/ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/

5. Accuracy and Precision of AMS Radiocarbon Dating Bone From T. S. Stafford, Jr. Individual specimens as small as rodent and insectivore skulls & jaws can be dated And in some cases even isolated teeth and Fragmentary bones can be dated accurately and precisely From T. S. Stafford, Jr.

6. Identification of Shrews Sorex palustris (water shrew) Blarina brevicauda (short tailed shrew) Cryptotis parva (least shrew)

7. Barren ground musk oxen (Ovibos moschatus) have specific physiological and anatomical adaptations for cold climates

8. Modern (shaded in inset) & Late Pleistocene (dots) distribution of the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx sp.) in North America Summer pelage Winter pelage Modern environment Data from Neotoma Database Morphological and physiological Adaptations for cold climates

9. Brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) have behavioral adaptations for cold climate Subnivian environment protects the brown lemming from the cold.

10. Squirrels – Habitats – Climate Grassland “Dry” Forest “Moist” -------------------------------------------------------- Prairie dog –-shortgrass Cynomys Thirteen line ground squirrel – short to tall grass Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Franklin’s ground squirrel – tall grass Spermophilus franklinii Woodchuck – grassy areas in forest- Marmota monax Marmot – grassy area in coniferous forest or alpine tundra – Marmota flaviventris Chipmunk –woodland – Tamias Tree Squirrels Closed Forest Glaucomys Tamiasciurus Sciurus niger Sciurus carolinensis

11. Squirrels & Vegetation

12. No-analog Vegetation: Several Thousand Year Intervals & Extends into Holocene Non-analog Mammals: 500 year intervals, extend throughout late Pleistocene & beyond, absent in Holocene From Overpeck et al. 1992

13. Was there a continental-wide Clovis Drought? NO Taxa Sites WEST------------------------------------------------------------ EAST LR-AZAU-TX LF-SD KW-MO Grassland/Dry/Warm Bison sp.XX Camelops hesternusX Mammuthus columbiXXX Perognathus sp.XX Onychomys leucopusX Spermophilus sp.X Geomys sp.XX Spermophilus frankliniX Spermophilus tridecemlineatusX Woodland/Forest/ Cool/Moist Tapirus merriamiX Ursus americanusX Synaptomys cooperiXX Scalopus aquaticusXX Blarina sp.XX Sorex palustrisX Sorex hoyiX Clethrionomys gapperiX Zapus princepsX Mylohyus sp. X Mammut americanumX Marmota monaxX Sciurus sp.X Permanent Water Ondatra zibethicaXXXX OsteichthyesXX Mustela visonX LR- Lehner Ranch, AZ; AU- Aubrey, TX; LF- Lange Ferguson, SD; KW-Kimmswick, MO Selected Environmentally Sensitive Taxa from Clovis Sites (Data derived from Neotoma Database)