1. Chapter 7
Dreams and Hypnosis

2. What is a Dream?
Dream – a sequence of images and emotions that pass through the mind during sleep.

3. Dreams Q. Who had a dream last night? Q. Why don’t we remember dreams?
Q. negative or positive themes?
Q. most common emotion?
Q. lucid dreaming…controlling one’s dreams (27% report this ability)
Lucid Dreams on Discovery Channel

4. Dream Facts Dreams- Begin with common dream themes (from Myers),
Q. How many remember some dreams (95%) , recurring dream? (67%) negative v. positive, most common emotion, male v female and sexual content 12%-4%, effect course of dream (lucid- 28%)

5. The content of our dreams…
Manifest content – the storyline of our dreams
Oftentimes containing traces of the previous day’s experiences. Ex. Laura Spears(ex-stud.)
Charlie pushes a piano into the ocean.

6. The content of our dreams…
Latent content – the underlying meaning of the dream, according to Freud.(interpretation)
The manifest content of a dream is the censored version of the latent content.
The dream represents more than just a story.
Our dreams represent inner conflicts (Freud)
Freud used recurring dreams to uncover than which is repressed
Piano – Charlie’s Life (Charlie’s mom got the family a piano so that Charlie’s music could save the family)
Ocean – Newness? Death?

7. Symbolism in Freud’s dreams
Ex. I’m driving really fast in my car trying to slam on the brakes but it’s not doing anything and my girlfriend is trying to push me out of the car.
Freud’s symbol list
Activity: Find the symbolism in this manifest content of the dream. Q1 Which aspects of the dream need to be interpreted? Q2 What might they mean?

8. Freud’s Theory of Dreams:
Centered on his contention that dreams represented our desires that we couldn’t fulfill. He particularly concentrated on sexual and aggressive desires. He believed that dreams contained a manifest content (the symbols surface meaning) and latent content (the symbols real hidden meaning).

9. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
Latent Content generally focused on sexuality, with elongated objects such as pens, trees and knives representing the male sexual organs and enclosed objects such as rooms, cups, and baskets representing female sexual organs.

10. Symbolism in Dreams according to Freud
A house or building =the self
A hat =a man
Rooms in a house =a woman
Tree trunks, sticks, and umbrellas =a male sex organ
Boxes, cases, ovens =the uterus
Being poisoned =becoming pregnant
Small animals =small children

11. Freud’s Symbolism in dreams
Climbing stairs =having sexual relations
Soldiers =authority figures
A haircut =fear of castration
Rescue from water = giving birth
Robbers =male authority figures
Upward movements = success
Downward Movements = failure
Movement to the right = righteousness
Movement to the left =immoral behavior

12. Interpret the dream from a 25 year old that just broke up with his girlfriend
I was jogging in the park. The sun was shining and I was very content. Suddenly the sky turned dark and there was a large snake in my path. It hissed at me and tried to bite me. I kept running, but I looked back and it was following me. It seemed as though I was running in circles. I could not get away from the snake. I stopped and began defending myself against its blows. The snake split in half and then seemed to die. What does my dream mean?

13. Why do we dream?
Activation Synthesis Theory – dreams are a meaningless byproduct of REM sleep
Random images are created by the brainstem which activates the cerebral cortex.
Cortex attempt to synthesize these random messages
Dreams arise to make sense of meaningless stimulation during sleep
Q Concept that says the brain tries to create meaning from what it perceives ?
What sometimes happens in dreams that might support this?

14. Why do we dream?
Information Processing Theory – dreams help sift, sort and fix the day’s experiences in our memory

15. Evidence supporting the Information Processing Theory
REM Rebound
Q. “I’m going to sleep on it”? (decisions)
Stress/Learning and REM sleep
Association test results when awoken during REM.
Quality REM sleep correlated with scores on tests of material learned that day.
Most dreams reported relate to daily concerns.
What's in a Dream -6:45 OR entire for review

16. Dreaming Review
What's in a Dream

17. Hypnosis Hypnosis – Greek word
“hypnos” means sleep but hypnotized people are not sleeping.
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that is brought on by special techniques. The subject responds, to a certain extent, to suggestions of a hypnotist.

18. Hypnosis.. Is it real? Comic Hypnotists Equivalent to Deep sleep.
Q Why do psychologist use it?
Bringing out repressed thoughts, memories, feelings issues from the unconscious mind. Ex. Kristen G’s aunt.
memories are not considered reliable

19. Posthypnotic Suggestion
Posthypnotic Suggestion – implanted by the hypnotists for the subject to behave a certain way after he/she is brought out of hypnosis. (substance abuse,dieters, shopaholics, addictive behaviors.)
VIDEO: Consumer Survey Mind hidden and Divided
The hypnotist could suggest that the patient will dislike smoking once awakened. From then on the patient will avoid smoking. - this is usually a temporary successful therapy. Many patients report that this temporary relief was what they needed to

20. Pain Control Chronic pain sufferers Child Birth Dentristy
Video with Laura/Mark arms in ice water

21. Posthypnotic Amnesia
Posthypnotic Amnesia – supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

22. Explaining Hypnosis
State Theory – hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

23. Explaining Hypnosis
Role Theory (aka social influence theory) – hypnotized people act according to the hypnotists requests to fulfill social expectations.

24. Explaining Hypnosis
Dissociation Theory – Hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily. One part of our consciousness responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist while the other part of our consciousness is aware of reality.

25. Hilgard’s Hidden Observer
Subjects are hypnotized and asked to place their arm in ice water.
Overall, subjects report feeling far less pain than subjects not hypnotized
When asked if “some part” of them feels pain, they report yes. Laura/Mark in ice water
This suggests that there is a dissociated consciousness – that some part of them is aware of their experiences.
Textbook explanation of consumer survey results. P.292-3